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- Coastal Policy Green Paper
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- Obituaries 2002
Such an approach is particularly difficult to initiate in the context of strongly entrenched sectoral management practices. Nonetheless, if we are to sustain the benefits provided by coastal ecosystems, there is a need to work towards integrated coastal management. First, attention needs to be drawn to the subject of coastal management. Then, awareness needs to be built around the subject.
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Dialogue needs to be fostered amongst the various role-players. Co-operation can then be promoted, followed by co-ordination of activities. Finally, integration can be realised.
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The last three chapters have provided an introduction to the subject of coastal management. They have addressed the following questions: What is the coast? This chapter has highlighted the challenge of matching supply and demand. It has drawn attention to the need to promote a dedicated, co-ordinated and ultimately integrated approach to coastal management. Doing so, however, will require a good understanding of the characteristics of our coast and the issues of concern. Part B of this document provides an overview of the South African coast. It also describes the coastal regions in more detail, and outlines issues identified through this programme to date.
This chapter gives a brief overview of coastal management experience in other countries, and looks at:.
Introduction
This chapter briefly looks at the international context for coastal management and draws particular attention to the African context. Two-thirds of the world's population live at or near the coast. By the year , three-quarters of the world's population will be living at the coast. Each year, the world's coastal ecosystems provide about R70 billion to the global economy. The coast is a major generator of global economic benefits and opportunities, but is subject to intense and growing pressure. As long as people have lived at the coast and used its resources, there has been some form of coastal management.
Traditional societies that depend on coastal resources have had elaborate management systems that have often sustained coastal communities and resources for generations. But in many societies, particularly in more recent times, coastal management efforts have not been able to sustain the benefits that the coast provides. The term "coastal management" came into common use with the implementation of the United States Coastal Zone Management Act of The Act recognised that a sectoral management approach, focusing on individual resources such as fisheries, or activities such as transport, was not working.
A new coastal management approach was needed. The Act provided coastal states with incentives to prepare and implement integrated plans focused on selected issues of national and local significance. Since then, the concept of coastal management has been refined and it has been applied to many different situations in countries around the world.
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Many international treaties and regional agreements have addressed the subject of coastal management in the last few decades. The Law of the Sea Convention establishes the rights and duties of nations within the nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone. In , UNCED built on this legislative framework, providing further guidance to nations by emphasising the need for sustainable development and integrated management of the coast. There are now about integrated coastal management efforts in over 60 coastal states around the world.
Increasingly, developing countries are using integrated coastal management as a distinct management approach to address coastal challenges. The coast makes an enormous contribution to the economic and social well-being of people in Africa. It contributes over R4 billion to the African economy.
Coastal Policy Green Paper
In , western Indian Ocean nations signed the Eastern African Regional Seas Action Plan and a number of protocols to promote regional co-operation in order to improve management of the marine and coastal environment. In , ministers from throughout Eastern Africa convened in Arusha, Tanzania, and signed a resolution stating their commitment to sustainable coastal development and management.
In , a second ministerial meeting was held in the Seychelles. Participants assessed their own progress in meeting the goals set forth in the Arusha resolution, re-confirmed their commitment to coastal management, and developed an agenda for progress over the next three years. For the first time, South Africa participated in this regional forum.
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These ministerial meetings resulted in several regional integrated coastal management activities and a number of workshops. More recently, in July , South Africa participated in a pan-African conference on sustainable integrated coastal management. The conference was held in Maputo and is part of the ongoing region-wide effort to promote better coastal management. A consistent and key recommendation which emerged from these meetings and workshops is the need for countries to develop a national policy for integrated coastal management. Currently, several African nations — Mozambique, Tanzania and South Africa — are undertaking national coastal policy initiatives.
Our Coastal Policy initiative has much to learn from, and hopefully contribute to, the experiences elsewhere in Africa and beyond. Effective integrated coastal management requires a sound understanding of the characteristics of the South African coast. Our coast extends for about 3 km from the border of Namibia to Mozambique. It links the east and west coasts of Africa and connects our continent to the Indian, Atlantic and vast Southern Oceans.
Historically, it is the place where the original inhabitants first met the European settlers and were displaced by them. To this day, our coast is a place to draw from the riches of the sea and conduct trade with distant lands, as well as being a special place to live, work and relax. Our coast is very diverse, in terms of a number of factors — its biophysical setting, natural resources, social setting, human settlement patterns, and its economic, institutional and legal setting. This chapter outlines the main characteristics of each of these factors.
The character of our coast is shaped by its location at the southern tip of Africa. This setting determines the climatological, geological, oceanographic, hydrological and biological character of our coast. Large-scale atmospheric systems over southern Africa and the Atlantic, Indian and Southern Oceans control the patterns of weather and climate.
The west coast is characterised by southerly winds and low rainfall. The south-west coast is subject to southerly winds in summer and rain-bearing westerly winds in winter.
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In contrast, the east coast experiences good rainfall, mostly in summer. Rainfall generally increases along the east coast as one moves north from East London to Mozambique to 1 mm. Along the west coast, rainfall decreases as one moves north from Cape Town to Namibia greater than mm to less than mm. South coast rainfall is moderate and variable to 1 mm , with a maximum in the Garden Route area which experiences year-round rainfall see Figure 4. The eastern shores are washed by the warm, nutrient-poor waters of the Agulhas Current that flows south from tropical latitudes off Mozambique and Madagascar.
In contrast, the western shores are washed by cold, nutrient-rich waters drawn up referred to as upwelling from deeper layers in the sea. This upwelling results from southerly winds blowing parallel to the coastline. These waters support highly productive marine systems and are the centre of South Africa's fishing industry. The east-west contrast is seen in the 7oC difference between the average annual temperature of Port Nolloth and Durban — both located at similar latitudes. The cold coastal waters do not evaporate easily because of the large-scale stable climatic weather patterns, which result in the west coast receiving very little rainfall.
Average annual rainfall at Port Nolloth 60 mm is a tiny fraction of that at Durban 1 mm. Along the south coast, upwelling is patchy and occurs irregularly under easterly winds. The Agulhas Current follows the edge of the continental shelf and is situated far offshore of the south coast. Coastal waters in this region alternate between warm Agulhas Current water and cold upwelled water. Most of our coast has a moderate m to high m wave energy environment, and experiences a predominantly south-westerly swell direction.
The result is an overall northwards drift along the shores of both the west and east coasts. This drift transports between one and two million tons of sediment past any given point on either coast each year. About 1 km of our coast is made up of sandy beaches and 1 km are either rocky or mixed rock and sand shores. Our coast is also strongly influenced by rivers that bring water, sediments, nutrients and pollutants to the coast.
Along the east coast, short, strong and fast-flowing rivers drain the steep slopes. East of Port Elizabeth, these rivers carry large silt loads, in excess of tons of sediment per km2 per year. West of Port Elizabeth, most rivers drain sandstone catchments and carry much smaller silt loads, typically about tons per km2 per year note that some larger catchments, such as the Sundays and Gamtoos, have sediment yields similar to those of KwaZulu-Natal.
Along the west coast, the low rainfall and flat land result in few rivers that flow all year round. The largest river, the Orange, drains half of the country, including the mining and industrial heartland of the Gauteng area, and enters the sea at the border of Namibia. There are no large rivers flowing south into South Africa from neighbouring states.
But there are a few large rivers that flow from South Africa to enter the sea in Mozambique e. Our coast has estuaries.
Estuaries are river systems that have, or can have, contact with the sea. These are distributed along the coast as shown in Table 5. The total area of estuaries in South Africa is about km 2 , of which about km 2 is along the km KwaZulu-Natal coast. Variations in climate, topography and catchment geology give rise to a wide variety of estuary types in South Africa. South Africa has jurisdiction over 21 islands. Most of the islands occur off the west coast near Saldanha and in False Bay, with a cluster of six islands in the vicinity of Port Elizabeth.
The general physical setting of South Africa results in striking differences in the nature of the east, south and west coasts, and gives rise to a rich and varied set of natural resources. The nature of the predominant climatic systems, sea surface temperature, geographic location and topography directly affect a region's temperature, humidity and rainfall. These physical factors influence the distribution of plants and animals along the coast. Flora and fauna have been classified, according to their similarities, into three biogeographical regions — the cool temperate region on the west coast, the warm temperate south coast between Cape Point and East London and the sub-tropical east coast which extends up to Mozambique.
In broad terms, plants and animals are distributed according to the distinctive physical characteristics of the three biogeographic regions.