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Chapters move around and take directions of their own that reflect, in large measure, the conference from which they emerged. Part 1: Theory, methodology, context Part 1 offers a first immersion into some key conceptual aspects. It examines and locates some of the immediate theoretical, contextual and methodological factors that are central to thinking about same-sex sexuality. Chapter 1 by Peter Aggleton locates the meaning, interpretation and researching of same-sex sexuality within the context of HIV prevention and through the lens of the Universal Declaration of Rights.
The chapter highlights a progressive agenda for action, one which encompasses policy research, social research, epidemiological research and programme evaluation, in order to move HIV prevention forward. Chapter 2 by Robert Sember reviews the meaning of sexuality, identities and practices in the context of the South African Bill of Rights. He makes the case that rights are not normative.
Sember assesses the limitations of rights by examining the possible tensions between the aspirations espoused by the Constitution and the reality of lived experience. The chapter concludes with the value of what Sember terms 'engaged research' and the value of appropriate 'method' in the advancement of sexual and reproductive rights. Nel emphasises the declassification of same-sex sexual orientation as psychopathology in Euro-American psychiatry and psychology, but also cautions against the risk and vulnerability to potential secondary victimisation that LGBTI lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and intersexual persons face at the hands of healthcare providers, communities and individuals in South Africa.
Chapter 4 by Theo Sandfort and Brian Dodge challenges some of the underlying assumptions that inform labels and categories in the context of AIDS research and their value in understanding the meaning of sexuality within sexual practices.
MSM as a concept is interrogated to the extent that it is important for researchers, but also insofar as it presents limitations. In Chapter 5, Pierre Brouard reviews research challenges and solutions in the context of same-sex sexuality, noting that questions of identity versus practice need to be debated and explored. He ends the chapter with some crucial suggestions on overcoming the difficulties in conducting such research. Part 2: History, memory, archive Part 2 illuminates in creative, historical and anthropological terms a set of ideas about experience, activism and identities.
If an archive is viewed as a repository that represents the active forces of the past, which disclose how cultural events construct and participate in reconfiguring knowledge, it also discloses resistance to silencing and erasure. The three chapters in this section yield important insights into social change through the lens of experience, identity and 'voice'.
She outlines how the freer political climate in South Africa's transition era provided spaces for advocating for non-discriminatory approaches to sexual orientation and AIDS. In Chapter 8 Zethu Mathebeni offers important insights into the views of a group of young aged self-identified black lesbian women, who share experiences and thoughts on lesbian sex, pleasure, performance, safer sex and how they continue to relate sexually with other women in the time of HIV and AIDS. Part 3: Perspectives from and on sub-Saharan and southern Africa In the third part, authors use case studies to analyse the state of knowledge in service delivery, research and programming across a selection of African countries.
Any future research into understanding homosexual transmission in the HIV epidemic can only benefit from what we can learn from other sites. Johnson argues that despite the paucity of research, policy-makers and implementers can draw on best practices from successful programmes for MSM in Ghana, Senegal and other countries in Africa, as well as initiatives in the African diaspora.
In Chapter 11 Daveson Nyadani outlines the context in Malawi, where denial and stigmatisation of same-sex sexuality is rife; because of these realities, little is known about how people with same-sex desires shape their lives. In Chapter 12 Sammy Matsikure outlines the situation in Zimbabwe from an activist and service delivery perspective. Over the years Zimbabwe has stood out on the African continent for the most virulent verbal attacks against homosexuals by President Robert Mugabe.
Representing the work of Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe, Matsikure outlines some of the key challenges, compounded by persistent denial and stigmatisation of homosexuals, and identifies some key recommendations in the area of research, training and HIV prevention. Chapter 13 by Kirk Fiereck provides a detailed, critical overview of five survey studies of same-sex practising men in Ghana, Kenya, Senegal and Nigeria. Fiereck suggests that future research and public health interventions targeting same-sex practising individuals must critically account for epidemiological categories in programme development.
While the chapter acknowledges the achievements of LGBT organisations in achieving equality for lesbians and gays, the central argument is that such organisations are insufficiently mobilised to deal with the political factors exacerbating the HIV epidemic. Recommendations are offered for interventions by lesbian and gay organisations in response to the HIV epidemic, asserting the urgency for 'campaign politics' to be a necessary part of service delivery provision. Chapter 15 by Laetitia Rispel and Carol Metcalf analyses the current South African response to HIV in relation to the needs of same-sex practising people and makes valuable recommendations on the critical role of government in ensuring the provision of sexual and reproductive health services in a supportive and non- discriminatory environment for vulnerable populations.
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Such a response requires research to improve understanding of the HIV epidemic among the LGBT community, and to support programme development to improve access to, and coverage with, prevention, treatment and care services. He utilises relevant health data from various studies to argue that important research work has already commenced in the service provider sector.
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He also suggests that collaborative research between community structures, academics and policy-makers is necessary to obtain national HIV prevalence rates among LGB people, as well as to better understand risky behaviours and programmatic impacts. De Swardt lists a number of challenges in addressing HIV and AIDS within the sector, identifies various research needs, and outlines the HIV-related services offered by Triangle Project, one of the oldest lesbian and gay service providers specialising in health services in the country.
Mkhize shares personal and political perspectives on the Centre's work, mission and vision, and offers some statistics that reinforce why future programmatic work requires appropriate research-based interventions. Tallis motivates that the health needs of women particularly WSW, including lesbian, bisexual and non-lesbian identifying women have long been neglected by both service providers and researchers.
Health, Tallis argues, is gendered, and she calls on the lesbian community to define a research agenda which will develop understanding and better health services for WSW. However, as editors, we are aware that the conversation opened up in the book is not a consistently scholarly one in that the chapters vary in substance, formulation and address. As stated earlier, there is sometimes repetition without apparent gain and there is no single streamlined argument. It is for these reasons that we have designed a conclusion that offers a streamlined overview of key issues emerging in the arguments of the chapters.
The concluding chapter reflects, raises further questions, probes issues and stitches central threads of the book together, and hopefully takes us beyond the ideas espoused in the pages of this project. Working on this volume has been empowering for us as co-editors, who, like our authors, are engaged in the process of the production of knowledge.
We hope it has been equally empowering for those who are being studied and for those who will potentially benefit from the work. This volume serves as an invitation to policy- makers, researchers, activists and programmers to join forces to further the work that many of the authors have passionately articulated. We will not know if we do not ask the appropriate questions.
A note on terminology In this introductory chapter we regularly used the term same-sex sexuality; when we did so we implied a range of erotic orientations and practices that involve persons of the same biological sex. We did not explicitly state to the contributors to this volume that same-sex sexuality was the only label they could use. Whenever such labels are used the context usually makes clear what, in terms of sexual orientation, gender role orientation and identity, authors are referring to. Acknowledgement A special thanks to Jane Bennett and other reviewers for reading and offering comment on an initial draft of this chapter.
Also cited is Rustum Kozain's poem 'Crossing from Solitude'. Usually referred to as 'the probability of a generally negative outcome, accompanied by the magnitude of the damage it will do' Joffe 4 , the meanings of risk could have the potential of allocating blame and shame, and reinforcing the already stigmatised sexual identity of the homosexual see also Douglas For readers wanting to pursue the critical literature, this study provides a fairly detailed annotated bibliography of academic and policy literature in English, French and Spanish.
Some important community-driven initiatives focused on same-sex populations are also currently under way in the form of collaboration between LGBT partners in southern Africa, Latin America and the Schorer Foundation Netherlands. Preliminary conclusions from a needs assessment focused on men indicate that 'HIV and STIs are seen as serious health problems confronting gay men', and 'casual sex seems to be occurring in a context where anal sex is a preference', indicating that 'these men are at a high risk of contracting and transmitting an STI or HIV OUT LGBT Well-being a: Special Report.
In A Gouws Ed. Un Thinking citizenship: Feminist debates in contemporary South Africa.
Gendering the HIV pandemic. Empowering women for gender equality 67 13 : Robertson J Ed. Household survey.
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Harmondsworth: Penguin Spurlin WJ Imperialism within the margins: Queer representation and the politics of culture in southern Africa. London: Sage xxxiii Free download from www. Among the rights delineated in the Declaration are rights to life, liberty and security, to health, education and work, to freedom of opinion and expression, and to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Within this context, the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity signal a way forward in their commitment to ensuring that the application of existing human rights entitlements should take account of the situations and experiences of people of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities.
The Principles affirm the obligation of states to address a broad range of human rights standards and their application to issues of sexual orientation and gender identity. They also highlight the responsibilities of the UN human rights system, national human rights institutions, the media, non-governmental organisations NGOs and funders to ensure that the rights of people of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are protected and upheld. But the Declaration refrained from naming groups such as gay and other homosexually active men who, on grounds of sexuality, were most vulnerable in the face of the epidemic.
But once again, while offering clarity with respect to the channelling of resources towards those most vulnerable within the context of the epidemic, specifically vulnerable forms of sexuality and sexual expression remain unnamed. What do we mean by sexuality? But what exactly do we mean by sexuality?
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Many different definitions can be found in the literature. The World Association for Sexology , for example, sees sexuality as 'an integral part of the personality of every human being [whose] full development depends upon the satisfaction of basic human needs such as desire for contact, intimacy, emotional expression, pleasure, tenderness and love. Sexuality is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles and relationships.
WHO 3 Sexuality as a set of sensibilities and social practices Fundamentally, however, sexuality is not so much a 'thing' as a set of sensibilities and social practices that link to issues of identity, and tie into broader social relationships. Ultimately, and in every society, there are many ways of being sexual. There may be dominant forms, as well as alternative possibilities. What these different practices are called varies from place to place and from time to time.
Some may be understood as the norm; others may be perceived as different. Sexuality is intrinsically linked to physical acts, yet it is simultaneously conceived in discourse - in words and language.