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Geology students helped collect about kilograms of Murchison, and a local postmaster mailed pieces of it to labs across the world. To date, scientists have recognized nearly different amino acids in it, many used by organisms on Earth and many others rare or nonexistent in known life.
Hundreds more amino acids have been inferred but not yet identified. This half-century parade of discoveries jump-started the now-flourishing field of astrobiology. The 30 kilograms of primordial leftovers from Aguas Zarcas hold similar promise. But these new pieces are 50 years fresher than Murchison, allowing scientists to apply modern techniques to preserve and probe what amounts to fragile lumps of unspeakably old clay. They could sniff out delicate organic compounds long evaporated from Murchison.
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They could hunt not just for amino acids and sugars, but also proteins, which have long been suspected but never confirmed in a meteorite. Clays—its major constituent—soak up surrounding air and water like a sponge; earthly amino acids and other organic compounds intrude, layer by layer, followed by the microbes that produced them.
Each second in contact with moist rainforest soil or human hands destroys more information. For billions of years, Aguas Zarcas had avoided such contaminating influences. If it could stay that way just a little longer, scientists would be able to recover information from three ancient, otherwise inaccessible periods.
The first predates the Solar System. Some 7 billion or 8 billion years ago, specks of stardust were ejected from supernovae and the outer atmospheres of aging stars, some made of hardy materials such as graphite, diamond, and silicon carbide. The size of smoke particles, they drifted in space, settling in a nameless interstellar cloud.
In the next phase, that formless cloud collapsed into a disk swirling around the newborn Sun, generating frictional heat that roasted everything but those presolar grains into a seething vapor. As the disk cooled, the first solids condensed out like frost on a windowpane: crystalline clumps of aluminium and calcium as big as poppy seeds. These fragments date back 4.
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Then, in the third phase, these small particles started to stick together into boulders, among them the hodgepodge of rocks that would become Aguas Zarcas. Planets began to sweep them up, but the future meteorite avoided that fate, remaining part of a small asteroid in the cold void beyond Jupiter. In that early home, it avoided being melted by the Sun or in the hot interior of a planet.
Instead the asteroid grew modestly, amassing specks of ice and carbon, the latter already morphing as sunlight drove chemical reactions. In its interior, the presolar stardust, the first solid minerals, the glassy spheres, and the carbon compounds all crowded together. Heat from the radioactive aluminum melted the ices. Liquid water gushed out, kicking off another wave of chemistry that would go on for a few million years more. Simple compounds such as hydrogen cyanide and ammonia dissolved and were transformed into amino acids and other complex forms.
Aguas Zarcas itself endured several billion more years of solitude, save for occasional smashups with other wayward space rocks. Then one last collision splintered off a chunk, which spiraled in toward Earth, nearing the rotating globe just as Costa Rica spun into view on 23 April The most important meteorite in half a century had landed on one of the last dry nights of the year.
Nobody knew it then, but the first hard rain was 5 days away. His bags were already packed for a flight the next day to hunt for a meteorite that fell in Cuba. It was another message from Costa Rica with a photo.
Would he like to buy some meteorites? She spotted a small stone coated in an iridescent sheen: the fusion crust that forms in the heat of descent. That afternoon, her son and daughters joined in a family hunt through pastures and stands of mango and soursop trees. They found enough fragments to cover a table and snap a tempting photo. After Googling meteorite dealers, they sent the photo to someone they thought might be willing to pay. To their amazement, he was already en route. The following morning Farmer showed up in person, along with Robert Ward, a competitor and sometimes collaborator in the meteorite business who had arrived on the same flight.
Counting out cash, they bought those initial stones—much too cheaply, the family now realizes. And, for good measure, the doghouse, too. Laurence Garvie, meteorite curator at Arizona State University, Tempe, examines a fragment that punctured a doghouse. He obtained it from Mike Farmer right , a dealer who also bought the doghouse.
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A gold rush began. On the first of May, a public holiday, the village was crammed with cars as treasure hunters combed the surrounding land. Buses carrying out-of-towners parked on a nearby hill. His son had a friend cover his shift at the gas station one day so he could go out and search, returning with a bulky chunk weighing almost 1 kilogram. By this time as many as 30 collectors from Russia, Germany, Belgium, and the United States had set up their own bases under the path of the fireball, which had strewn fragments across 6 kilometers.
Demand grew. Only one meteorite is known to have landed in Costa Rica before—in Madrigal, a UCR geochemist, put a piece under a magnifying glass. Her eyes sparkled when she saw the glassy, extraterrestrial chondrules. By the time the foreign collectors arrived, the scientists had already left with photographs and a few tiny pieces of the rock. Without the institutional funding to compete, they kept out of the commercial fray. But in many places, including Costa Rica and the United States, meteorites can be freely bought, sold, and exported. Meteoriticists are largely content with that arrangement, because the market drives people to scour fields and deserts for rare finds, and the collectors often share samples with scientists.
But attitudes are shifting, says A. Costa Rica may soon restrict the trade, as well. Aguas Zarcas belongs to a rare class of meteorites, rich in complex organic molecules, including amino acids. Some scientists believe they gave life a nudge when they slammed into a barren Earth 4. In Oman vague guidelines meant for historical artifacts snared Farmer and Ward, who were arrested there with a carful of meteorites in and sentenced, after a brief trial, to 6 months in prison.
Conditions were brutal, with rioting in nearby cell blocks and meager meals. They got out halfway through after an appeal. But by then Farmer had lost almost 20 kilograms and was having recurring nightmares. That episode and other close scrapes have cemented a strange relationship for the duo, who share a love of seat-of-the-pants adventuring—but have trouble sharing the limelight and the sums of money at stake. But other times they get together and laugh about it. Around Aguas Zarcas, tensions were rising, along with prices.
Bidding wars ensued. That guy was Jay Piatek , a wealthy doctor and obsessive collector who runs a weight loss clinic in Indianapolis. He had shown up with his girlfriend, gunning to add to his collection of rare meteorites. With a piece of Murchison already displayed at home, Piatek knew exactly what he was looking at—and the prices it could command.
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As more collectors swarmed the town and fresh material kept flowing in, other conflicts erupted. Then the first rains fell. Water-logged pieces began to crumble. They emitted a sulfurous reek as the moisture liberated sulfur compounds previously trapped in pores, making remaining fragments easier to find but less precious.
In the desert midway between the two cities, he handed over his samples to Garvie. Others were straight donations, Garvie says, eventually totaling a few hundred grams. File photo. As images of these protesters circulated the organisers immediately nbsp 29 Aug But to many South Africans the apartheid era flag speaks volumes. Biltong is a thinly sliced tough and salty air dried meat most often beef or game like springbok rather like beef jerky.
Inside South Africa's whites-only town of Orania
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