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They have the largest collection of clocks in the Southern hemisphere. Loskop Dam is known as the largest dam in the Southern Hemisphere and it is also a Nature Reserve for wildlife and plant life. You can do the following:. Boat Safari Loskop Dam is the only place in Mpumalanga where you can take a game drive on the water!
You could possibly see the three of the big five: the Buffalo, the Leopard and the White Rhino. Evening Festival: experience a hosted festival of singing, acting and dancing, which show chases the spectacular stories of the Shangana tribe. Day Tour: a guided tour through forests to the Shangana family. Guests will be able to experience the Shangana customs and traditions.
The town is small enough for you to explore it on foot; you can do the following:. There is a wide selection of other arts and crafts available that you can purchase and use to decorate your home. This is a fun family event, challenge them with the goal to be the first to find a nugget. Go to Nelspruit Mbombela , which is the capital city of Mpumalanga, a busy town with tons to do.
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Visit the following places:. Enjoy a picnic on the lawns and the chance to see birds feeding off the nectar of the flowers a brilliant photo opportunity, if you can catch it. This tour is an hour long and afterwards you can enjoy refreshments at the restaurant. The little town of Sabie is situated on the banks of the Sabie River and is surrounded by forests.
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Enjoy the following:. These roads are normally closed off to the public but 4x4 Adventures gives you an unforgettable chance to drive yourself through the man made forests and experience the quiet beauty of these plantations.
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Sabie Valley Coffee Enjoy the real rich taste of Arabica coffee. The Sabie Valley Coffee has coffee that will fulfil your every need. You can enjoy a Coffee Tour and have the chance to buy coffee to drink at home from the Sabie Valley Coffee gift shop. Bird Watching Go see the birds in Sabie. African Arts and Crafts Visit local shops for fine collection of African Arts and Crafts from local artists, everything from pots and paintings to a soap stone sculpture.
Visit the Makhonjwa Mountains, which are over 3. Chrissiesmeer is known as the Lake District of South Africa. Yearly Lake Chrissie is painted pink by the visiting flamingos. Things you can do:. Fishing Go fishing for Bass and Carp in the local pans and lakes.
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MalariaConnect case notifications are captured directly into the web-based database and are also sent directly by email and Short Message Service SMS to the case investigator, environmental health practitioner, information officers, and programme managers responsible for the source health facility of the case Fig.
Cases reported through MalariaConnect undergo validation to match these with the cases reported by paper. Flow of information when a malaria patient presents at a health facility and a malaria case notification is created for a paper-based reporting system and b MalariaConnect reporting system.
An opportunity to test the operational performance of the MalariaConnect system versus the standard paper-based reporting system occurred in early The declaration of an outbreak in Bushbuckridge sub-district on 10th May was precipitated by a substantial increase in the trend of malaria cases as compared to the previous malaria season Fig.
The primary goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the performance and applicability of the paper-based and MalariaConnect reporting tools to deliver appropriate malaria case notifications to the malaria programme during the malaria outbreak. By understanding the capabilities of each system in effectively tracking case numbers and monitoring against epidemic thresholds, the malaria programme can evaluate the benefit of integrating data from the MalariaConnect tool into its Epidemic Preparedness and Response plans. The study period, from 1 January to 18 June , corresponded with an increase in cases and case trend which peaked toward the end of April and beginning of May when the outbreak was declared.
Data were extracted from the MIS and MalariaConnect databases on 13 October , to allow time for all paper-based records to be completely recorded and included. Case data collected via paper notifications and captured into the Malaria Information Systems MIS were compared against case data captured electronically at the facility level using MalariaConnect was used to assess:.
The data were evaluated using the following metrics: blood smear date, notification date and the time to notification, i. Time to notification was investigated for all facilities which reported cases using MalariaConnect. These same facilities are also required to complete case notification forms for the MIS which corresponding to MalariaConnect notified cases. To evaluate the comparative performance between the two systems, various approaches were taken.
Data validity was investigated using the number of confirmed cases in the MalariaConnect system and all cases in the paper system. Confirmed cases were manually verified by matching cases reported through MalariaConnect to those reported in the paper system. Reporting trends for each tool were compared by observing the frequency that alert and action thresholds were surpassed. To assess timeliness, all paper-reported cases were assessed and matched with MalariaConnect cases using the diagnosis date, creation of MalariaConnect notification, and capture date of paper-based notification.
Data completeness was determined by assessing the number of observed reports in the MalariaConnect system, versus the total number of cases reported in the paper system, under the assumption that the totality of cases are reported in the paper-based system. Data precision was assessed by evaluating the number of erroneous case reports in each system e. Data were extracted from the case-based line-lists for each reporting system in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga for the week period.
The Chi squared test was used to evaluate if there was a significant difference between indicators extracted from case notifications by paper and those by MalariaConnect.
The MIS is the standard reporting tool used to capture all notifiable malaria cases and was treated as the gold-standard system for malaria notifications. Data from the two reporting systems over the week period in this study were assessed against the action threshold to investigate the reliability and timeliness of each tool to detect the malaria outbreak in Bushbuckridge.
Out of the 59 public health facilities in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga [registered hospitals, clinics, Community Health Centres CHCs , and mobile clinics], 50 were identified as facilities which currently or historically reported malaria cases. During the study period 1 January to 18 June , 40 facilities reported cases using the paper tool. This included three cases which were reported in the MIS database but lacked their identifying facility code. However, all three cases were matched to MalariaConnect notifications and were included in further analyses. For MalariaConnect cases, 39 facilities reported using the tool and facilities that were trained but have not used the tool were excluded from further analyses.
Two facilities, which reported 1 and 5 cases through the paper system, did not report cases using MalariaConnect and were, therefore, excluded in the analyses. Over the week study period, a total of malaria cases were notified of which cases Of the cases reported by paper, cases There were notifications received through MalariaConnect during the study period. Of the total MalariaConnect notifications received, 3 cases 0.
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The number of malaria cases reported from the two notification systems during the outbreak period 1 January to 18 June in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga. The MIS case report data was used as the true total number of cases reported during the outbreak, as the MIS is considered the gold standard, and all malaria cases in the study area should be captured in this system.
The completeness of reporting i. The total number of MalariaConnect cases that were matched to cases in the paper system were cases When including all MalariaConnect case reports, reporting rates increased. The outbreak was declared in week A total of confirmed cases were examined to determine timeliness of data reporting in the two systems. Without a confirmed paper report, there is no time stamp on the MalariaConnect case report to determine timeliness.
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The timeliness of reporting was significantly longer for the paper system compared to MalariaConnect and of the confirmed cases, 5 0. The mean number of days to report a case through the paper system was 5. Median number of days between diagnosis and notification for the paper system black and MalariaConnect blue per week over the week study period. MalariaConnect cases represented here were confirmed in the paper system. Validity of the reporting systems, or whether the system provided sufficient data to identify the malaria outbreak, was markedly better using MalariaConnect.
The earlier date for surpassing the action threshold within MalariaConnect demonstrates that this system was able to alert users of an oncoming epidemic several days in advance of the paper system. In addition, all MalariaConnect reports consistently reported cases above the action threshold for 12 individual week periods during the study period weeks 3 to 7, 17 to 21, 23 and 24 ; using cases reported into the paper system, the action threshold was surpassed for 10 individual week periods weeks 3 to 5, 18 to 23 and The week of diagnosis is shown on the vertical axis and each mark on the graph indicates an epidemic week.
The position of the mark on the horizontal axis indicates the date on which sufficient cases were notified for it to be identified centrally that threshold had been surpassed. Blue marks indicate when this occurred through the paper system, and red marks when it occurred through MalariaConnect. The red vertical dotted line represents where the MalariaConnect data surpassed the action threshold 26 April, week 17 while the blue line is for the paper system 5 May, week Reporting on malaria incidence in some countries, including South Africa, has historically been conducted on a weekly basis, allowing for a timelier response to epidemics compared to countries which report on incidence monthly or quarterly [ 8 ].
As surveillance systems have been strengthened, the aim of near real-time reporting of cases has come within reach under the objective that surveillance is critical in preventing outbreaks and reducing transmission intensity. With the development of information reporting tools such as MalariaConnect which are based on modern communications technology, health facilities can more efficiently and effectively transmit near real-time case data to the relevant malaria programme authorities.
Using these widely available mobile reporting tools enables strong disease surveillance by narrowing the communication gap that can impede malaria elimination efforts [ 9 ], especially when there is no cost of the service to the user and low cost to the programme [ 10 ]. Early detection of epidemics requires this punctual and complete case notification data, which are used to detect the upsurge in malaria cases that signals an oncoming potential epidemic.
In this study, the performance of the MalariaConnect reporting system was evaluated against the paper-based reporting system during a recent malaria outbreak in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa. A good non stick frying pan would be a must. Otherwise, we had a great stay. Date of stay: November Value. Tim H wrote a review Oct Havana nights.