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- Stratigraphy and Dating
- Kimberley, Northern Cape
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Resistance to apartheid in Kimberley was mounted as early as mid as part of the Defiance Campaign. Dr Arthur Letele put together a group of volunteers to defy the segregation laws by occupying 'Europeans Only' benches at Kimberley Railway Station — which led to arrest and imprisonment.
Later in the year, the Mayibuye Uprising in Kimberley, on 8 November , revolved around the poor quality of beer served in the beer hall. The fracas resulted in shootings and a subsequent mass funeral on 12 November at Kimberley's West End Cemetery. A later generation of anti-apartheid activists based in Kimberley included Phakamile Mabija , Bishop Graham Chadwick and two post-apartheid provincial premiers, Manne Dipico and Dipuo Peters.
Other prominent figures of the struggle against apartheid who had Kimberley connections include Robert Sobukwe , founder of the Pan Africanist Congress , who was banished placed under house arrest in Kimberley after his release from Robben Island in He died in the city in Another leading figure in Coloured politics in the apartheid era was Sonny Leon. The Northern Cape Province became a political fact in , with Kimberley as its capital.
Stratigraphy and Dating
Some quasi-provincial infrastructure was in place from the s, but in the post period Kimberley underwent considerable development as administrative departments were set up and housed for the governance of the new province. A Northern Cape Legislature was designed and situated to bridge the formerly divided city.
A new coat of arms and Motto for the city were ushered in. With the abolition of apartheid previously 'whites only' institutions such as schools became accessible to all, as did suburbs previously segregated by the Group Areas Act. In practice this process has been one of upward mobility by those who could afford the more costly options, while by far the majority of Black people remain in the townships where poverty levels are high. Major township residential developments, with ' RDP housing', were implemented — not without criticism concerning quality.
There has been an increase in Kimberley's population, urbanization being spurred on in part by the abolition of the Influx Control Act. Also added to the city is the settlement of Platfontein created when the! Most of the community had moved to the new township by the end of In the Kimberley Comprehensive Urban Plan estimated that Kimberley had , people representing 46, households living in the city.
The shifts from frontier farm names to digger camp names to the established names of the towns of Kimberley and Beaconsfield — which duly amalgamated in — are outlined above. It lay beyond the areas occupied by Tswana people in the precolonial period. In the post era the Kimberley City Council was renamed the Sol Plaatje Local Municipality after the area it served was expanded to include surrounding towns and villages, most notably Ritchie.
Sol Plaatje , the prominent writer and activist, lived for much of his life in Kimberley. Municipality — The Kimberley borough council assumed a coat of arms in The motto was Spero meliora. The arms were depicted on a cigarette card issued in Divisional council — The Kimberley divisional council, which administered the rural areas outside the city, registered its own arms at the Bureau in August The arms were: Per saltire, in chief, barry wavy of six Argent and Azure; in base, Argent, a pale Sable charged with three fusils Argent; dexter, Gules, a shovel and pick in saltire, handles downward, Or; sinister, a staff of Aesculapius, Or.
In layman's terms, the shield was divided in four by two diagonal lines, and depicted 1 six silver and blue stripes with wavy edges, 2 a crossed pick and shovel on a red background, 3 a golden staff of Aesculapius, and 4 three silver diamond-shaped fusils on a black vertical stripe on a silver background.
The crest was two crossed rifles in front of an upright sword; the supporters were two kudus; and the motto was "Nitanir semper ad optima". Kimberley was the initial hub of industrialisation in South Africa in the late nineteenth century, which transformed the country's agrarian economy into one more dependent on its mineral wealth. A key feature of the new economic arrangement was migrant labour, with the demand for African labour in the mines of Kimberley and later on the gold fields drawing workers in growing numbers from throughout the subcontinent.
The labour compound system developed in Kimberley from the s was later replicated on the gold mines and elsewhere. On 2 September , Kimberley became the first town in the Southern Hemisphere to install electric street lighting. The rising importance of Kimberley led to one of the earliest South African and International Exhibitions to be staged in Kimberley in It presented exhibits of art, an exhibition of paintings from the royal collection of Queen Victoria and mining machinery and implements amongst other items.
The exhibition aroused considerable interest at international level, which resulted in a competition for display space. South Africa's first school of mines was opened here in and later relocated to Johannesburg , becoming the core of the University of the Witwatersrand. A Pretoria campus later became the University of Pretoria. In fact the first two years were attended at colleges elsewhere, in Cape Town , Grahamstown or Stellenbosch , the third year in Kimberley and the fourth year in Johannesburg.
Buildings were constructed against a total cost of 9, pounds with De Beers contributing on a pound for pound basis. In the s Kimberley boasted the best night-landing facilities on the continent of Africa. A major air rally was hosted there in In the war years Kimberley Airport was commandeered by the Union Defence Force and run by the 21 Flying School for the training of fighter pilots.
Work on connecting Kimberley by rail to the cities along the Cape Colony 's coastline began in , under the management of the Cape Government Railways. The major junction at De Aar in the Karoo linked early twentieth century lines to Upington later to Namibia and to Calvinia.
Kimberley, Northern Cape
From the s there was a decline in the use of the railways. Today passenger train services to and from Kimberley are provided by Spoornet 's Shosholoza Meyl , with connections south to Cape Town and Port Elizabeth and north to Johannesburg. Luxury railway experiences are provided on the main north—south line by the Blue Train and Rovos Rail. The central railway station of Kimberley is Kimberley railway station. Wagon and coach routes were developed rapidly as the rush for the diamond fields gathered momentum. Two of the major routes were from the Cape and from Port Elizabeth, the nearest maritime port at the time.
Contemporary accounts of the s describe the appalling condition of some of the roads and decry the absence of bridges. Today, however, the central arterial route to the north, the N1 from the Cape to Johannesburg, goes via Bloemfontein, not Kimberley. Kimberley is located at the intersection of the N12 and N8 national roads. It services the mining and agricultural sectors of the region.
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The city projects itself as a significant tourist destination, the 'City that Sparkles', boasting a diversity of museums and visitor attractions. It is also a gateway to other Northern Cape destinations including the Mokala National Park, nature reserves and numerous game farms or hunting lodges, as well as historic sites of the region. Kimberley has hosted significant meetings and conferences, developing a major venue, the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre, and other conference hosting facilities.
Recent gatherings have included the founding meeting of the Kimberley Process and a follow-up meeting of this organisation in , and the International Indigenous Peoples Summit on Sustainable Development According to the census , the population of Kimberley "proper" was 96,, [36] while the townships Galeshewe and Roodepan had populations of , [37] and 20, [38] respectively. This gives the urban area a total population of , Of this population, Kimberley is set in a relatively flat landscape with no prominent topographic features within the urban limits. The only "hills" are debris dumps generated by more than a century of diamond mining.
From the s these were being recycled and poured back into De Beers Mine by it was filled to within a few tens of metres of the surface. Certain of the mine dumps, in the vicinity of the Big Hole, have been proclaimed as heritage features and are to be preserved as part of the historic industrial landscape of Kimberley. The surrounding rural landscape, not more than a few minutes' drive from any part of the city, consists of relatively flat plains dotted with hills, mainly outcropping basement rock andesite to the north and north west, or Karoo age dolerite to the south and east.
Shallow pans formed in the plains. One of Kimberley's famous features is Kamfers Dam , a large pan north of the city, which is an important wetland supporting a breeding colony of lesser flamingos.
Conservation initiatives in the area aim to bring people from the city in touch with its wildlife. In rising water levels flooded the artificial island built to enhance flamingo breeding, while in December a local outbreak of avian botulism bacteria resulted in the deaths of hundreds of birds. The administration of the Crown Colony of Griqualand West from was conducted from Government Buildings in Kimberley up until the annexation of the Colony to the Cape in At the level of local government, separate Borough Councils operated in Kimberley and Beaconsfield up to the time of their amalgamation as the City of Kimberley in Thereafter a single City Council regulated the affairs of the city, while a Divisional Council administered the surrounding rural district.