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Since the s commemorations—British state-sponsored and those held by the lower British classes—had been held throughout Ireland celebrating key dates in the Williamite War such as the Battle of Aughrim , Battle of the Boyne , Siege of Derry and the second Siege of Limerick. Throughout the s, sectarian tension had been building in County Armagh , largely due to the relaxation of the Penal Laws.
After the battle had ended, the Peep o' Days marched into Loughgall, and in the house of James Sloan they founded the Orange Order, which was to be a Protestant defence association made up of lodges. One of the very few landed gentry that joined the Orange Order at the outset, William Blacker, was unhappy with some of the outcomes of the Battle of the Diamond.
It is no secret that a persecution is now raging in this country Lawless banditti have constituted themselves judges A former Grand Master of the Order, also called William Blacker, and a former County Grand Master of Belfast, Robert Hugh Wallace have questioned this statement, saying whoever the Governor believed were the "lawless banditti", they could not have been Orangemen as there were no lodges in existence at the time of his speech. Later apologists rather implausibly deny any connection between the Peep-o'-Day Boys and the first Orangemen or, even less plausibly, between the Orangemen and the mass wrecking of Catholic cottages in Armagh in the months following 'the Diamond' — all of them, however, acknowledge the movement's lower-class origins.
By the time the Orange Order was formed, the United Irishmen had become a revolutionary group advocating an independent Irish republic that would "Unite Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter".
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United Irishmen activity was on the rise, and the government hoped to thwart it by backing the Orange Order from onward. Jackson and John Mitchel argued that the government's goal was to hinder the United Irishmen by fomenting sectarianism , thereby creating disunity and disorder under pretence of "passion for the Protestant religion". The United Irishmen saw the Defenders as potential allies, and between and they formed a coalition.
The United Irishmen launched a rebellion in In Ulster, most of the United Irish commanders and many of the rebels were Protestant.
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Orangemen were recruited into the yeomanry to help fight the rebellion and "proved an invaluable addition to government forces". It was also claimed that if an attempt had been made then "the whole of Ulster would be as bad as Antrim and Down", where the United Irishmen rebellion was at its strongest. The homeland and birthplace of the Defenders was mid-Ulster and here they failed to participate in the rebellion, having been cowed into submission and surrounded by their Protestant neighbours who had been armed by the government.
Many Catholics supported the Act, but the Orange Order saw it as a threat to the "Protestant constitution" and 36 lodges in counties Armagh and Monaghan alone passed declarations opposing the Union. In the early nineteenth century, Orangemen were heavily involved in violent conflict with an Irish Catholic secret society called the Ribbonmen.
One instance, publicised in a 7 October edition of the Boston Commercial Gazette , included the murder of a Catholic priest and several members of the congregation of Dumreilly parish in County Cavan on 25 May According to the article, "A number of Orangemen with arms rushed into the church and fired upon the congregation". This included the Orange Order, which had to be dissolved and reconstituted.
In a bill banning unlawful associations — largely directed at Daniel O'Connell and his Catholic Association , compelled the Orangemen once more to dissolve their association. When Westminster finally granted Catholic Emancipation in , Roman Catholics were free to take seats as MPs and take up various other positions of influence and power from which they had been excluded and play a part in framing the laws of the land.
The likelihood of Irish Catholic members holding the balance of power in the Westminster Parliament further increased the alarm of Orangemen in Ireland, as O'Connell's 'Repeal' movement aimed to bring about the restoration of a separate Irish Parliament in Dublin, which would have a Catholic majority, thereby ending to the Protestant Ascendancy. From this moment on, the Orange Order re-emerged in a new and even more militant form.
In the ban was again lifted, but the notorious Battle of Dolly's Brae between Orangemen and Ribbonmen in led to a ban on Orange marches which remained in place for several decades. This was eventually lifted after a campaign of disobedience led by William Johnston of Ballykilbeg.
By the late 19th century, the Order was in decline. However, its fortunes were revived in the s after its embrace by the landlords in opposition to both the Irish Land League and later Home Rule.
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Protestant opposition to Irish self-government under Roman Catholic influence was intense, especially in the Protestant-dominated province of Ulster. Sloan had been suspended after running against the official unionist candidate on a pro- Belfast Protestant Association platform in the Belfast South by-election. For at least some of the independents, the split was a protest against what they saw as the co-optation of the Orange Order by the Ulster Unionist Party and its alignment with the interests of landlords and employers the "fur coat brigade".
Lindsay Crawford outlined the new order's democratic manifesto in Orangeism, its history and progress: a plea for first principles However, its introduction would be delayed until The Orange Order, along with the British Conservative Party and unionists in general, were inflexible in opposing the Bill.
In the Ulster Unionist Council decided to bring these groups under central control, creating the Ulster Volunteer Force , an Ulster-wide militia dedicated to resisting Home Rule. However, the crisis was interrupted by the outbreak of the World War I in August , which caused the Home Rule Bill to be suspended for the duration of the war. Many Orangemen served in the war with the 36th Ulster Division , suffering heavy losses, and commemorations of their sacrifice are still an important element of Orange ceremonies.
This self-governing entity within the United Kingdom was confirmed in its status under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of , and in its borders by the Boundary Commission agreement of The Orange Order had a central place in the new state of Northern Ireland. This was in response to a speech the year before by Eamonn de Valera in the Irish Free State claiming that Ireland was a "Catholic nation" [46] in a debate about protests against Protestant woman Letitia Dunbar-Harrison being appointed as County Librarian in County Mayo. At its peak in , the Order's membership was around 70,, which meant that roughly 1 in 5 adult Ulster Protestant males were members.
The Order's political influence suffered greatly after the unionist-controlled government of Northern Ireland was abolished in The response from Orangemen was strong. Over Orangemen were killed during the conflict, the vast majority of them members of the security forces. The Order urged its members not to join these organisations, and it is only recently that some of these intra-unionist breaches have been healed. The Drumcree dispute is perhaps the most well-known episode involving the Order since Originally, most of the route was farmland, but is now the densely populated Catholic part of town.
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There have been intermittent violent clashes during the march since the 19th century. At this time, the most contentious part of the march was the outward leg along Obins Street. The focus then shifted to the return leg along Garvaghy Road. In and , residents succeeded in stopping the march.
This led to a standoff at Drumcree between the security forces and thousands of loyalists.
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Following a wave of loyalist violence, the march was allowed through. In , security forces locked down the Catholic area and forced the march through, citing loyalist threats. This sparked widespread protests and violence by Irish nationalists. From onward the march was banned from Garvaghy Road [61] and the Catholic area was sealed-off with large barricades. For a few years, there was an annual major standoff at Drumcree and widespread loyalist violence.
Since , things have been relatively calm, but the Order still campaigns for the right to march on Garvaghy Road. Membership of the Order was historically lower in areas where Protestants are in the majority, and vice versa. The basis of the modern Orange Order is the promotion and propagation of "biblical Protestantism " and the principles of the Reformation. As such the Order only accepts those who confess a belief in a Protestant religion. As well as Catholics, non-creedal and non- Trinitarian Christians are also banned.
Previous rules specifically forbade Roman Catholics and their close relatives from joining [14] [15] [16] but the current rules use the wording "non-reformed faith" instead. Converts to Protestantism can join by appealing to Grand Lodge. James Wilson and James Sloan, who issued the warrants for the first Lodges of the Orange Order along with 'Diamond' Dan Winter, were Freemasons , [24] and in the 19th century many Irish Republicans regarded the Orange Order as a front group established by Unionist Masons as a more violent and jingoist vehicle for the promotion of Unionism.
The Order has a similar system of degrees through which new members advance. These degrees are interactive plays with references to the Bible. There is particular concern over the ritualism of higher degrees such as the Royal Arch Purple and the Royal Black Institutions. The Order considers important the Fourth Commandment , and that it forbids Christians to work, or engage in non-religious activity generally, on Sundays.
When the Twelfth of July falls on a Sunday the parades traditionally held on that date are held the next day instead. In March , the Order threatened "to take every action necessary, regardless of the consequences" to prevent the Ballymena Show being held on a Sunday. The Orange Order is strongly linked to British unionism.
Unionism is thus opposed to, for example, the unification of Ireland and Scottish independence. The Order, from its very inception, was an overtly political organisation. He said: "Linking the Catholic community or indeed any community to terror groups is inciting weak-minded people to hatred, and surely history tells us what that has led to in the past".
In its submission, the Lodge stated that it respected "Irish as one of the indigenous languages of the British Isles". However, the Lodge argued an Irish Language Act would promote inequality because it would be "directed towards a section of the Roman Catholic community". Parades are a big part of the Order's activities. Most Orange lodges hold a yearly parade from their Orange hall to a local church.
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The denomination of the church is quite often rotated, depending on local demographics. The highlights of the Orange year are the parades leading up to the celebrations on the Twelfth of July. The Twelfth, however, remains in places a deeply divisive issue, not least because of the alleged triumphalism, anti-Catholicism and anti-Irish nationalism of the Orange Order. The locations used for the annual Twelfth parades are located throughout the six counties of Northern Ireland with County Down having the most venues with thirty-three.
Counties Armagh and Fermanagh having a smaller population both have twelve host venues. The Grand Lodge of Ireland does not recognise the Parades Commission , which it sees as having been founded to target Protestant parades, as Protestants parade at ten times the rate of Catholics. Grand Lodge is, however, divided on the issue of working with the Parades Commission.