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- Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago
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Geoarchaeology 16 3 — Quat Geochronol — D Thesis, University of Witwatersrand. Archaeol Anthropol Sci — Trans R Soc S Afr — Ann S Afri Mus — University of Chicago Department of Geography, Chicago. Archeol Pap Am Anthropol Assoc — J Hum Evol — Johnson DL Biomantle evolution and the redistribution of earth materials and artifacts. Soil Sci 2 — Nature — S Afr Archaeol Bull 4 14 — Geol Soc Am Bull — McBrearty S Consider the humble termite: termites as agents of post-depositional disturbance at African archaeological sites. Am Antiq 63 1 — McNabb J The shape of things to come.
Paper on the Paleolithic Presented to Derek Roe. Oxbow, Oakville, pp 37— BAR Int. Series Archaeopress, Oxford. Radiat Meas — S Afr Geogr J — Peringuey L The stone ages of South Africa.
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Ann S Afr Mus — S Afr Archaeol Bull — Porat N Analytical procedures in the luminescence dating laboratory. S Afr Archaeol Bull 10 39 — J Archaeol Sci. Roberts B Kimberley: turbulent city. Philip, Cape Town. National Museum Bloemfontein Memoirs 4. Academic, New York. Equinox, London, pp — Volume 1. Volume 2. Geological Survey of South Africa Memoir Digging Stick 17 3 :1—3.
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Friedkin Site Texas. Macmillan, London. Wintle AG a Fifty years of luminescence dating.
Archaeometry — Wintle AG b Luminescence dating: where it has been and where it is going. Boreas — Download references. We would like to thank the director and staff of the McGregor Museum and the students from the University of Toronto who participated in the excavation. We thank the reviewers for their comments that greatly improved the manuscript. All information was entered into a relational database along with detailed provenance information for each artefact. Artefact measurement protocols follow those described in Clarkson et al.
All cores were scanned in three dimensions using a NextEngine laser scanner and a select set of core measurements taken for each Select artefacts were illustrated using conventional archaeological illustration techniques and protocols. The tubes were removed and wrapped in light-proof plastic for transport to the Luminescence Dating Laboratory at the University of Wollongong. Under dim red laboratory illumination, each sample was treated using standard procedures to extract sand-sized grains of K-feldspar 51 , The samples were routinely treated with solutions of HCl acid and H 2 O 2 to remove carbonates and organic matter, respectively, and then dried.
The dose rates were determined from field measurements of the gamma dose rate, laboratory measurements of the beta dose rate using the sediment samples recovered from each tube hole, and published estimates of the cosmic-ray dose rate and the internal dose rate due to 40 K and 87 Rb contained within the K-feldspar grains. The minor contribution from cosmic rays was estimated from the burial depth and water content of each sample, and the latitude, longitude and altitude of the Dhaba sites Tests of the recycling ratio and recuperation i.
Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago
Recycling ratios for all of the samples fell within the range of 1. There is no systematic change in the size of the residual dose with D e for our samples, which suggests that the non-bleachable traps associated with the residual signal may have been saturated. A simple subtraction of the residual dose from the apparent D e value may result in underestimation of the true D e value if the residual signal is relatively large compared with the bleachable signal The measured residual signals from the different regenerative doses were compared with the total regenerative signals at the same doses.
Given the small size of the residual signal relative to the bleachable signal, the simple dose-subtraction approach should give satisfactory results. After correcting for the residual doses shown in Supplementary Fig. The results of this dose recovery test suggest, therefore, that the combination of MET-pIRIR and simple dose-subtraction procedures can recover a dose consistent with the known dose given to our samples, so we adopted these procedures to estimate the final D e values and ages for the Dhaba samples.
To directly test the absence of significant fading for the samples studied here, we conducted anomalous fading tests on K-feldspar grains from samples Dhab2-OSL1 and Dhab3-OSL1 using a single-aliquot measurement procedure similar to that described by Auclair et al.
We also applied a fading correction 65 to the D e values based on the g -values in Fig. The fading-corrected D e values are shown as red squares in Supplementary Figs. This further supports our proposition that the MET-pIRIR procedure can access a non-fading signal for the samples studied here and, hence, the D e values and ages obtained from the elevated temperature signals should be reliable.
More importantly, since the signals measured at different temperatures are bleached at significantly different rates Supplementary Fig. All relevant data used in this paper are available from the authors. The source data underlying Fig. Atkinson, Q. Evolution 25 , — Storey, M. Natl Acad. USA , — Mark, D. Rose, W. Geology 15 , — Acharyya, S. Toba ash on the Indian subcontinent and its implications for correlation of Late Pleistocene alluvium. Shane, P. New geochemical evidence for the Youngest Toba Tuff in India. Westgate, J. Pearce, N.
Individual glass shard trace element analyses confirm that all known Toba tephra reported from India is from the c. Quaternary Sci. Petraglia, M. Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science , — Clarkson, C. Groucutt, H.
Rethinking the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa. Mellars, P. Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia. Dennell, R. The dispersal of Homo sapiens across southern Asia: how early, how often, how complex? Rabett, R. The success of failed Homo sapiens dispersals out of Africa and into Asia. Haslam, M. Shipton, C. Generativity, hierarchical action and recursion in the technology of the Acheulean to Middle Palaeolithic transition: a perspective from Patpara, the Son Valley, India.
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Li, B. Luminescence dating of K-feldspar from sediments: a protocol without anomalous fading correction. Smith, V. Geochemical fingerprinting of the widespread Toba tephra using biotite compositions. Continuity and change in the lithic industries of the Jurreru Valley, India, before and after the Toba eruption. Population increase and environmental deterioration correspond with microlithic innovations in South Asia ca. Misra, V. Prehistoric Culture Sequence of Bhimbetka.
Sali, S. Blinkhorn, J. Environments and cultural change in the Indian Subcontinent: implications for the dispersal of Homo sapiens in the Late Pleistocene. Pagani, L. Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia. Nature , Kuhlwilm, M. Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature , — Nielsen, R. Tracing the peopling of the world through genomics.
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Human occupation of northern Australia by 65, years ago. Mondal, M. Further confirmation for unknown archaic ancestry in Andaman and South Asia. Rasmussen, M. An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia. Science , 94—98 Reich, D. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania.
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Cell , 6—7 Jacobs, G. Multiple deeply divergent Denisovan ancestries in Papuans. Cell , — Wintle, A. Luminescence dating: laboratory protocols and procedures. Aitken, M. Developments in radiation, stimulation and observation facilities in luminescence measurements. Assessment of beta dose-rate using a GM multicounter system. Part D. Tracks Radiat. Jacobs, Z. Archaeological Sci. Prescott, J. Cosmic-ray contributions to dose-rates for luminescence and ESR dating—large depths and long-term time variations. Huntley, D. The K content of the K-feldspars being measured in optical dating or in thermoluminescence dating.
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The Rb contents of the K-feldspars being measured in optical dating. TL 19 , 43—46 Zhao, H. Internal dose rate to K-feldspar grains from radioactive elements other than potassium. Review and assessment of the potential of post-IR IRSL dating methods to circumvent the problem of anomalous fading in feldspar luminescence. Geochronometria 41 , — Roberts, R.