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The name Soweto was first used in and within a short period of time, following the uprising of students in the township, the name became internationally known. Soweto became the largest Black city in South Africa, but until its population could have status only as temporary residents, serving as a workforce for Johannesburg.
It experienced civil unrest during the Apartheid regime.
There were serious riots in , sparked by a ruling that Afrikaans be used in African schools there; the riots were violently suppressed, with striking students killed and more than 1, injured. Reforms followed, but riots flared up again in and continued until the first non-racial elections were held in April In , South Africa's oldest township hosted the final of the FIFA World Cup and the attention of more than a billion soccer spectators from all over the world was focused on Soweto. In April there was a bubonic plague scare in the shanty town area of Brickfields. The town council decided to condemn the area and burn it down.
Beforehand most of the Africans living there were moved far out of town to the farm Klipspruit later called Pimville , south-west of Johannesburg, where the council had erected iron barracks and a few triangular hutments. The rest of them had to build their own shacks. The fire brigade then set the shacks and shops in Brickfields alight. Thereafter the area was redeveloped as Newtown. The future Soweto was to be laid out on Klipspruit and the adjoining farm called Diepkloof.
In the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek and the subsequent Transvaal Colony it was lawful for people of colour to own fixed property.
For the same reasons Alexandra, Gauteng was planned for Black ownership in The subsequent Natives Land Act of did not change the situation because it did not apply to land situated within municipal boundaries. The purpose of the Act was to provide for improved conditions of residence for natives in urban areas, to control their ingress into such areas and to restrict their access to intoxicating liquor.
The Act required local authorities to provide accommodation for Natives then the polite term for Africans or Blacks lawfully employed and resident within the area of their jurisdiction. It bought 1 morgen of land on the farm Klipspruit No. The township was named after the chairman of the Native Affairs committee, Mr. Edwin Orlando Leake. In addition it built 4, temporary single-room shelters. He also became very active in the affairs of the Advisory Board for Orlando.
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By the end of the Sofasonke Party advised its members to put up their own squatters' shacks on municipal property. Hundreds of homeless people from Orlando and elsewhere joined Mpanza in marching to a vacant lot in Orlando West and starting a squatters camp. After feverish consultations with the relevant government department, it was agreed that an emergency camp, which could house families, be erected.
It was to be called Central Western Jabavu. The next wave of land invasions took place in September Some 30, squatters congregated west of Orlando. Early the next year the City Council proclaimed a new emergency camp. It was called Moroka. Residents erected their shanties on plots measuring six metres by six metres. There were only communal bucket-system toilets and very few taps.
The camps were meant to be used for a maximum of five years, but when they were eventually demolished in , Moroka and Jabavu housed 89, people. In the British Government built a military hospital next to the road between Johannesburg and Potchefstroom. The exact place was to be at the 8th milestone near the old Wayside Inn, owned by a Cornishman called John Albert Baragwanath.
The National Party won the general election of and formed a new government. The party's policy was called apartheid, the Afrikaans word meaning separateness.
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They thought they could separate the various racial groups in South Africa. The City Council and the central government competed to control the Black townships of Johannesburg. Following the election of the new government, some 7, new houses were built in the first two or three years, but very little was done thereafter.
In there was a breakthrough.
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Firstly the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research came up with a standard design for low-cost, four-roomed, forty-square-metre houses. In the Parliament passed the Building Workers Act , which permitted Blacks to be trained as artisans in the building trade. In it passed the Bantu Services levy Act, which imposed a levy on employers of African workers and the levy was used to finance basic services in Black townships. The City Council's pride and joy was its economic scheme known as Dube Village.
It was intended "primarily for the thoroughly urbanised and economically advanced Native". Tenants could erect their own dwellings in conformity with approved plans. From the onset the Apartheid government purposed Soweto to house the bulk of the labour force which was needed by Johannesburg Africans used to live in areas surrounding the city, so the authorities felt it would be more expedient to concentrate black workers in one district that could be easily controlled The new sub-economic townships took off in , when Tladi, Zondi, Dhlamini, Chiawelo and Senoane were laid out providing 28, people with accommodation.
Jabulani, Phiri and Naledi followed the next year. Chiawelo for Tsonga and Venda. The central government was busy with its own agenda. The presence of Blacks with freehold title to land among Johannesburg's White suburbs irked them. Between and they built 23, houses in Meadowlands and Diepkloof to accommodate the evicted persons.
By the removals were more-or-less complete. In the City Council launched a competition to find a collective name for all the townships south-west of the city's centre. It was only in that the City Council decided to adopt the name Soweto as the collective name.
In terms of this Act the central government appointed the West Rand Administration Board to take over the powers and obligations of the Johannesburg City Council in respect of Soweto. Black-White relationships at present are as healthy as can be. There is no danger whatever of a blow-up in Soweto. Soweto came to the world's attention on 16 June with the Soweto uprising , when mass protests erupted over the government's policy to enforce education in Afrikaans rather than their native language.
The rioting continued and 23 people died on the first day in Soweto, 21 of whom were black, including the minor Hector Pieterson , as well as two white people, including Dr Melville Edelstein , a lifelong humanitarian. The impact of the Soweto protests reverberated through the country and across the world. In their aftermath, economic and cultural sanctions were introduced from abroad. Political activists left the country to train for guerrilla resistance. Soweto and other townships became the stage for violent state repression.
Since this date and the schoolchildren have been commemorated by the International Day of the African Child. In response, the apartheid state started providing electricity to more Soweto homes, yet phased out financial support for building additional housing. Soweto became an independent municipality with elected black councilors in , in line with the Black Local Authorities Act. Black African councilors were not provided by the apartheid state with the finances to address housing and infrastructural problems.
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Township residents opposed the black councilors as puppet collaborators who personally benefited financially from an oppressive regime. Resistance was spurred by the exclusion of blacks from the newly formed tricameral Parliament which did include Whites, Asians and Coloreds. Municipal elections in black, coloured, and Indian areas were subsequently widely boycotted, returning extremely low voting figures for years. Popular resistance to state structures dates back to the Advisory Boards that co-opted black residents to advise whites who managed the townships.
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In Soweto, popular resistance to apartheid emerged in various forms during the s. Educational and economic boycotts were initiated, and student bodies were organized.
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Street committees were formed, and civic organizations were established as alternatives to state-imposed structures. One of the most well-known "civics" was Soweto's Committee of Ten, started in in the offices of The Bantu World newspaper. Such actions were strengthened by the call issued by African National Congress 's Kabwe congress in Zambia to make South Africa ungovernable. As the state forbade public gatherings, church buildings like Regina Mundi were sometimes used for political gatherings.
The explosions, believed to be the work of the Boeremag , a right-wing extremist group, damaged buildings and railway lines, and killed one person. Soweto's population is predominantly black and the most common first language is Zulu. The suburb was not historically allowed to create employment centres within the area, so almost all of its residents are commuters to other parts of the city. Metrorail operates commuter trains between Soweto and central Johannesburg. The N1 Western Bypass skirts the eastern boundary of Soweto. There is efficient road access for many parts of the region along busy highways to the CBD and Roodepoort , but commuters are largely reliant on trains and taxis.
The N12 forms the southern border of Soweto. A new section of the N17 road South Africa is under construction that will provide Soweto with a 4 lane highway link to Nasrec. This road is multi lane, has dedicated taxiways and passes next to Soccer City in Nasrec. A major thoroughfare through Soweto is the Golden Highway. It provides access to both the N1 as well as the M1 highways. Minibus taxis are a popular form of transport. In it was estimated that around minibus taxis operated from the Baragwanath taxi rank alone.
A Bus rapid transit system, Rea Vaya , provides transport for around 16 commuters daily. The area is mostly composed of old "matchbox" houses, or four-room houses built by the government, that were built to provide cheap accommodation for black workers during apartheid. However, there are a few smaller areas where prosperous Sowetans have built houses that are similar in stature to those in more affluent suburbs. Many people who still live in matchbox houses have improved and expanded their homes, and the City Council has enabled the planting of more trees and the improving of parks and green spaces in the area.
Hostels are another prominent physical feature of Soweto. This was the single largest valuation ever undertaken in Africa. Being part of the urban agglomerations of Gauteng , Soweto shares much of the same media as the rest of Gauteng province.
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There are however some media sources dedicated to Soweto itself:. Soweto is credited as one of the founding places for Kwaito and Kasi Rap , which is a style of hip hop specific to South Africa. The experiences of other developing nations were examined at the Soweto entrepreneurship conference, which looked for ways to help turn the economic tide in townships. SOWETO'S entrepreneurs gathered at the University of Johannesburg Soweto Campus on 13 and 14 April to engage with experts from all over the globe about how to enhance skills and value-add in township economies.
The restrictions on economic activities were lifted in , spurring the growth of the taxi industry as an alternative to Soweto's inadequate bus and train transport systems. In Sowetans earned on average almost six and a half times less than their counterparts in wealthier areas of Johannesburg estimates.