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Larger sample sizes and greater representation from multiple taxa across Delphinidae would clearly be required to investigate generic affinities further, however, the clear and consistent morphological and molecular differentiation presented in this paper clearly support species level distinction. An additional line of evidence for separation of T. Owen et al. They conclude this distinction of the stable isotope signatures between the two species strongly indicates they forage in different areas and are likely to feed on different prey, thus providing an additional line of evidence for the recognition of T.
Whilst, as previously discussed, there is an urgent requirement to undertake a full review of the Delphinidae Family, this manuscript is an important step in this review. The formal recognition of this new species is of great importance to correctly manage and protect this species, and has significant bearing on the prioritization of conservation efforts.
This is especially crucial given it's endemism to a small region of the world, with only two small known resident populations and the proximity of those to major shipping ports, commercial and recreation fisheries, residential, industrial and agricultural stressors. Recognition of this new species opens the pathway that T.
GenBank accession numbers and species information for samples incorporated to phylogenetic analyses. Average cranial measures mm and tooth counts for Tursiops australis , Tursiops truncatus , Tursiops aduncus current study and from Tursiops aduncus holotype Perrin et al. We thank E. Evans and D. Donnelly DRI , A. Howard Zoos Victoria , A. Monk MU and T. Blaszak Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages for historical review on Australian aboriginal reference to dolphins; MU internal and anonymous reviewers for critical discussion and review of the manuscript; and DRI for use of Figure 1b photograph.
Special thanks to W. Perrin and B. Pitman for thorough review of the manuscript and to D. Analyzed the data: KCR. Wrote the paper: KCR. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.
Abstract Small coastal dolphins endemic to south-eastern Australia have variously been assigned to described species Tursiops truncatus , T. Introduction Delphinids are the most ecologically diverse cetacean, occurring across a range of latitudes, in coastal and oceanic waters, and in estuarine and freshwater habitats [1]. Download: PPT. Table 1. Table 2. Basic cranial measures statistics for Tursiops australis sp.
Table 3. Basic external measures statistics for Tursiops australis sp.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence data analysis All sequences were edited and aligned by eye using M ega 5 [43]. Results Cranial morphology Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on all cranial variables for 44 specimens and showed three highly supported groups cophenetic correlation of 0. Figure 1. Graphic analyses on cranial morphology delineating Tursiops australis sp.
External morphology Hierarchical cluster analyses performed on 14 variables using 17 specimens clearly showed two highly supported groups cophenetic correlation of 0. Figure 2. Graphic analyses on external morphology delineating Tursiops australis sp. Cytochrome b A base sequence of the mtDNA cytochrome b region was obtained from 18 samples representing both cranial and external morphology groups Table S9. Table 4. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b region diagnostic sites.
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Control region A base sequence of the mtDNA control region was obtained from 21 samples representing both cranial and external morphology groups Table S9. Tursiops maugeanus specimens As stated, cranial and external morphology analyses presented several distinct groups. Figure 3. Nomenclatural Acts The electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ICZN , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that Code from the electronic edition. Synonomy Tursiops tursio , southern form male.
Revised Diagnosis Body large, robust mean 2. Figure 4. Direct visual comparison of cranial morphology A—C. Molecular diagnostic characters See below comparison with Tursiops australis sp. Figure 5. Synonomy Tursiops tursio , southern form; female.
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Tursiops sp. Victorian coastal bottlenose dolphin - Charlton et al. South Australian T. Tursiops truncatus - Ross and Cockcroft Tursiops aduncus — Kemper Not Tursiops truncatus Montagu, : 75, pl. Not Tursiops tursio Fabricius, : Not Tursiops aduncus Ehrenberg, Diagnosis External morphology. Molecular diagnostic characters Tursiops australis differs from s. Discussion Here we present clear and consistent molecular and morphological differences thus demonstrating the existence of a new species of dolphin in south-eastern Australian waters.
Relationships of Tursiops australis with other taxa Morphological analyses reveal the new species and the two recognised Tursiops species differ in quantitative and qualitative cranial characters and in external morphology. Polyphyly of Tursiops As previously discussed, numerous studies have demonstrated that Tursiops is polyphyletic [5] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15]. Alternative taxonomies Unlike other recently recognised species, Orcaella heinsohni [3] and Sotalia guianensis [2] where the classification within pre-existing genera was clear, this species based on multiple molecular regions [4] , [13] , [14] does not associate unambiguously with any existing genus.
Additional evidence An additional line of evidence for separation of T. Conservation value Whilst, as previously discussed, there is an urgent requirement to undertake a full review of the Delphinidae Family, this manuscript is an important step in this review. Supporting Information. Figure S1. Figure S2. Figure S3. Table S1. Table S2. Table S3. Table S4. Table S5. Table S6. Table S7. Table S8. Table S9. Table S Acknowledgments We thank E.
References 1. Systematic Biology — View Article Google Scholar 2.
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Marine Mammal Science — View Article Google Scholar 3. Cetacea, Delphinidae. View Article Google Scholar 4. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: View Article Google Scholar 5. View Article Google Scholar 6. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution — View Article Google Scholar 7. Journal of Heredity 11— View Article Google Scholar 8. Molecular Ecology 8: — View Article Google Scholar Journal of Zoology — Journal of Mammalogy — Journal of Evolutionary Biology — The Bottlenose Dolphin.
The Hunted | The New Yorker
London, UK: Academic Press. Owens says that during his cherry-bomb campaign he spread rumors in the valley that he was firing live ammunition. The Owenses also denied that poachers were held under arrest or questioned at Marula-Puku, or that anyone was tied to a stake in the sun or beaten. Poaching is, was and always will be a risky business. The Owenses, through their attorneys, said that Mark Owens could not be responsible for what the scouts did, because he did not command them.
But scouts I spoke to in a number of villages in the Luangwa Valley told me that Mark Owens had clearly been their commander. The scouts capture three poachers, but the main gang splits up and heads for the escarpment. Mark radios headquarters to set up ambushes along the exit routes from the park, but it is too late. On my three trips to North Luangwa, I made several visits to the Mano camp and interviewed a dozen veteran scouts about Mark Owens. They were complimentary, in part because the Owenses had outfitted them with superior equipment and rations. He was an expert in combat.
Although Owens did not serve in the U. Fouche, the hunter who manages a concession on the edge of the park, told me that scouts would salute Owens when he appeared. He was always armed, and he always seemed ready to fight. The Owenses maintain that Fouche was upset with them because their U. Fish and Wildlife grant application competed with his. I asked him if the scouts killed suspected poachers in his area. Fouche handed me a letter that he said Owens had faxed him in This has worked to such a degree in the park that we have recorded only a single elephant poached in North Luangwa Park since the beginning of the year, and a buffalo and warthog as part of the same incident.
In this way we not only take care of poachers attacking the park, but also the ones who are punishing the [game-management areas]. Believe me it is already working. Jones had no knowledge of these activities. He abhors murder and would never condone such actions.
Over the past several years, the Owenses and their attorney Robert Ivey have threatened legal action against a number of people in the U. This is an apparent reference to Malcolm Boulton, who has denied any knowledge of this letter or involvement in its writing. Then, last week, Mark Owens wrote to say that he might have written the letter after all.
Although he had no specific memory of the fax, he recalled that around the time it was sent he had talked to a group of scouts who had been fired on by poachers, and he surmised from their behavior that they had shot back. Not long after, he said, Fouche was frightened by an attack on his camp.
I may have decided that it would be more satisfying to Mr. I do not know. The second shot—the first to be heard in the video—came from a thin black man in a green uniform.
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The third came from offscreen, fired by an unidentified shooter. On my visits to the North Luangwa region, I had asked about the scout in the video, a man I eventually learned was named London Kawele, but I was told that he had been transferred to another part of Zambia, or that he was dead. In the intervening years, supporters of the Owenses have put forth various other explanations.
Mary Dykes told me that the scene might have been filmed in Zimbabwe; she also suggested that ABC News could have staged the shooting with actors.