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He is best known for adopting a passive resistance campaign, called Satyagraha, and concerned himself with the plight of Indian residents and merchants in South Africa.
Their movement was restricted by the apartheid government, they could only reside in areas demarcated for Indians and could not freely move into the Transvaal. Due to the fact that Indians were not allowed to reside in the area and did not possess permits to do so, they were taken across Convention Bridge near Volksrust, which borders the two provinces, back to Natal.
The protestors, however, marched back into the Transvaal, where they were arrested and sentenced to three months in prison. Two months later, Gandhi mobilised more than two thousand peaceful protestors, mostly Indian miners and railway workers, to march along the same route in protest against the Immigration Law. His passive resistance drew more support and others were arrested in the days following his arrest.
The camp was neither clean nor tidy. A week later he found little had improved. King responded indignantly to these charges. He had already explained in his January report that there had been a shortage of disinfectants. The camp had improved steadily over the months, despite the arrival of hundreds of destitute refugees, who had to be trained in habits of cleanliness.
Above all:. He flatly refused to dismiss any of his staff, whom he had carefully trained.
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The most accurate measure of the standard of the camps was the health. By May enteric was widespread and diarrhoea was prevalent, along with bronchitis and various coughs. Typhoid lingered into June, when the first cases of measles also appeared, the origins of which Dr Richard Hamilton was unable to trace.
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The epidemic was fuelled by an influx of families in the following month and a temporary hospital was established to care for the victims. Dr Hamilton blamed the concealment of cases for the spread of the disease. One suspects, however, that he lacked authority, for he complained constantly about the filthiness of the Boers and their unwillingness to air their tents.
Although the measles epidemic was relatively brief, Volksrust continued to suffer from typhoid and a number of other diseases, as the Ladies Committee noted. There were fifty cases in the hospital when they visited and more may have been concealed in the tents, since the inmates were left to themselves to report illness. The doctors believed that the problem lay, not in the water supply which was good, but in the polluted ground of the camp, since there was no space to strike the tents and disinfect the ground. Dr Hamilton confirmed that there were cases of scurvy at this time November and the tents were overcrowded.
By December typhoid was on the increase, although scurvy was diminishing. It would seem that the military authorities also viewed Volksrust camp with some suspicion for, in January , although the number of cases was declining, they objected to enteric patients being treated in the hospital in town. Instead, a new site was found between the camp and the town to establish an enteric hospital in marquees although, in the end, it failed to materialise. The MO struggled to understand the reasons for the poor health of the camp.
His disgusting account emphasised the failure to potty-train the children or to empty the pots used at night. It is hardly surprising, then, that summer brought an increase in typhoid. But, however bad the camp, Volksrust village and the neighbourhood also suffered. At least the superintendent and medical officers grasped the fact that the ground was unduly polluted and a huge effort was made to strike the tents and clean the ground with sun, air and lime.
Afrikaner accounts of Volksrust camp also emphasise the mortality. Elizabeth Neethling claimed that sixteen a day died while she was there. Disease itself would not have claimed so many victims, but when disease came, their constitutions had been undermined by hardships suffered since falling into the hands of their enemies; and when patients did pass the crisis and become convalescent, there was nothing they could digest, not to speak of tempting the appetite. But the statistics tell a different story. One may dismiss their accuracy, as camp historians. However, one needs to understand that, for the British, accurate statistics were one of the hallmarks of good government and one of the things they were doing in the camps was to establish the rudiments of efficient administration.
There is ample evidence in the records that statistics were checked and rechecked. Errors were trivial.
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And, as the graphs below, based on the British statistics, indicate, Volksrust was quite a healthy camp. It is true that, during the peak of the measles epidemic, the Volksrust death rate rose above the average, but this was true of almost every camp. It is also true that measles lingered on, with a brief recrudescence in early But the average death rate was well below that of the Transvaal average. The increase at the end can be ignored for tiny numbers were involved.
Despite the bleak picture which Volksrust sometimes presented, it was a relatively healthy camp. How did Volksrust manage to keep down its death rate?
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Elizabeth Neethling gave the hospital a bad press. The mothers were allowed to see them for a couple of hours on Sundays and Wednesdays. But there is another way of interpreting this evidence.
Sister Bartman remained in the hospital throughout the life of Volksrust camp, in itself a sign of considerable dedication, and there is no other suggestion that she was unkind. It was understandable that the restricted visiting hours were resented but the decision that mothers could remain with their dying children suggests some compassion. Neethling was misinterpreting a hostility to hospitalisation that was common to many pre-industrial societies. Hospitals are daunting and alien places but, in Volksrust camp, as in many other camps, over time this resistance was gradually overcome.
By March King could report with pride that there had been an extraordinary change in the attitude to the hospital. Now the slightest ailment was promptly reported and the inmates were anxious to enter the hospital. There were other factors which prevented deaths. Most of the sick were treated in hospital rather than in the tents. There they were warmer and better fed and cared for, despite the light diet which was always a part of the treatment of typhoid patients and many of the measles victims which Neethling saw as starvation — and condensed milk, though not ideal for babies, was supposed to be diluted.
When the measles epidemic started, a separate measles hospital was set up. Later convalescent and isolation camps were also established.
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Whatever the complaints about the dirtiness of the Boers, in Volksrust camp baths were provided, open in the afternoons. When the Ladies Committee visited, they found fifteen women and 77 children bathing. Volksrust inmates may have been unwell but they did not die.
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Many of the Volksrust inmates had money of their own and most of the men could get paid work. Not only did the camp employ a substantial number; in addition, some were able to get jobs in Volksrust and even Charlestown, some distance away, as builders, carpenters, blacksmiths and bricklayers.
Indeed, inmates were so well off that shopping seems to have been an prominent feature of daily life. The storekeeper felt that he would have done better if it were not for the fact that men from the village shops came into the camp touting for customers. Enterprising Indians had also set up booths just outside the camp, selling meat, vegetables and fruit, and lemonade. If the rations were inadequate, at least some families could supplement them.