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In the s, about 7, out of 20, inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague , more than one-third of the population. In , the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege and the city was besieged for many months. It was eventually stormed "with roaring drummes" and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" "Triumphing by a brave defence" upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in —7.
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge , [38] and the Literary and Philosophical Society of , [38] with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the London Library by half a century. A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in The Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October , in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.
The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June In , Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese , with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral. Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in when Newcastle Corporation Tramways electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from , with the tram service finally coming to an end in The city acquired its first art gallery, the Laing Art Gallery in , so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant [53] who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune.
Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery now part of Newcastle University , opened in With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in [55] and the Tyne Bridge in Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as , when the Museum of Science and Industry opened, [57] as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year. Council housing began to replace inner-city slums in the s, and the process continued into the s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.
Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the Great Depression of the s. The city's last coal pit closed in , [60] though a temporary open cast mine was opened in During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused deaths and injuries. The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the s. The federal structure of the University of Durham was dissolved. That university's colleges in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne now known as Newcastle University , which was founded in , [65] followed by a Newcastle Polytechnic in ; the latter received university status in and became the Northumbria University.
Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in and Stephenson Railway Museum in The Military Vehicle museum closed in In , Newcastle was the venue for the Freedom City festival. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses. In , various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.
Newcastle is situated in the North East of England, in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear and the historical and traditional county of Northumberland. The city is located on the northwestern bank of the River Tyne. The ground beneath the city is formed from Carboniferous strata of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group—a suite of sandstones , mudstones and coal seams which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the Millstone Grit.
In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout.
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Narrow alleys or ' chares ', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep , originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th—18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House , the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28—30 Close.
The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical [79] largely developed in the s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson , and recently extensively restored.
Newcastle upon Tyne
Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city [80] [81] and the German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner , [82] describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. Immediately to the northwest of the city centre is Leazes Park , established in [87] after a petition by 3, working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is St James' Park , the stadium home of Newcastle United FC which dominates the view of the city from all directions.
Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor , lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together [88] [89] and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. James' Park , Newcastle United Football Club's ground ; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege.
In the southeastern corner is Exhibition Park , which contains the only remaining pavilion from the North East Coast Exhibition of From s until this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in The pavilion is now being used as a microbrewery and concert venue for Wylam Brewery.
The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley , where the river finally reaches the River Tyne. The springtime dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world. A new Chinese arch, or paifang , providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in The UK's first biotechnology village, the Centre for Life is located in the city centre close to the Central railway station.
The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city. Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art , the venue for the Turner Prize [] and the Norman Foster -designed The Sage Gateshead music centre.
The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants and public spaces. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner " NewcastleGateshead ", to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East. The River Tyne had the temporary Bambuco Bridge in for ten days; it was not made for walking, road or cycling, but was just a sculpture.
The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger , a builder and developer, between and , some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market , Theatre Royal , Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.
Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue, [] and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green. The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in called the Butcher Market. The development of the city in the s saw the demolition of part of Grainger Town as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of T. Dan Smith , the leader of Newcastle City Council.
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A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and John Poulson , a property developer from Pontefract , West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Data in Newcastle was first collected in by the solicitor James Losh.
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Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as Copenhagen, Denmark and southern Sweden. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year. It is a part of the local development plan which is in conjunction with Gateshead borough, and was created in the s. Its stated aims [] are to:. Landscape features and facilities such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse , and Newcastle Airport are also within the green belt area.
Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution , and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples. The city was recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first Carbon Neutral town" [] however those plans have slipped considerably and they now hope to be carbon neutral by Newcastle is the commercial, educational and, in partnership with nearby Gateshead , the cultural focus for North East England.
In , Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre , one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as Bainbridges. Newcastle store Bainbridge's , opened in , is often cited as the world's first department store. The Bainbridge's official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.
A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street.
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In a report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre. The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.
A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas. In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the Census to 7. According to the ONS in the city of Newcastle had a population of , According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is The International Organization for Migration states there are estimated to be between and 2, Bolivians in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.
Like most cities, Newcastle has diverse cross sections and classes. In , , people lived in the unparished area of Newcastle upon Tyne but , people lived in the actual city and metropolitan borough. The unparished area excludes Newburn, Gosforth and the wards of Castle, Woolsington and Parklands and is made up of 17 wards from Walkergate in the east to Benwell and Scotswood in the west. According to figures, [] the city's ethnic make-up is as follows:.
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In , the population of Newcastle was , White people are Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as Elswick , Wingrove and Arthurs Hill. There is also a Chinatown in the City Centre which attracts its large Chinese student population. The regional nickname for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. The Latin term Novocastrian , which can equally be applied to residents of any place called Newcastle , is also used for ex-pupils of the city's Royal Grammar School.
Year and current total population []. The dialect of Newcastle is known as Geordie , and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule.
This language was the forerunner of Modern English ; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French —the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language.
Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach" , "burn" "stream" and "gan" "go". Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "canny" a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very" , "hacky" "dirty" , "netty" "toilet" , "hoy" "throw", from the Dutch gooien , via West Frisian , "hockle" "spit".
In the health of people in Newcastle upon Tyne was generally worse than the England average: []. Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has one of the lowest mortality rates in the country and is ranked seventh in the country for confidence in doctors. In a report, published in early February by the Ear Institute at the University College London , and Widex , a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.
Larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined, [] and even larger than New York's Central Park , the town moor dates back to the 12th century, with the land tenure and its use being regulated by an Act of Parliament. Newcastle was in the top ten of the country's top night spots, [] and The Rough Guide to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's no.
There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Street, the Newcastle station area, Osborne Road in the Jesmond area and the Ouseburn Valley area of the city.