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From —10 it served as the capital of the Orange River Colony and since that time as the provincial capital of the Free State. In it became the Judicial capital of the Union of South Africa. The Orange Free State was an independent Boer sovereign republic in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century. Extending between the Orange and Vaal rivers, its borders were determined by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in when the region was proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty , with a seat of a British Resident in Bloemfontein.
As the capital of the Orange Free State Republic the growth and maturing of the republic resulted in the growth of Bloemfontein. The city constructed numerous public buildings that remain in use today, facilitated by the governance of the republic and compensation from the British for the loss of the diamond rich Griqua Land area.
A railway line was built in connecting Bloemfontein to Cape Town. The writer J. Tolkien was born in the city on 3 January , though his family left Orange Free State now Free State province , South Africa following the death of his father, Arthur Tolkien , when Tolkien was three He recorded that his earliest memories were of "a hot country".
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In the city was the site of the Bloemfontein Conference , which failed to prevent the outbreak of the Second Boer War. The conference was a final attempt to avert a war between Britain and the South African Republic. With its failure the stage was set for war, which broke out on 11 October The rail line from Cape Town provided a centrally located railway station , and proved critical to the British in occupying the city later.
On 13 March , following the Battle of Paardeberg , British forces captured the city and built a concentration camp nearby to house Boer women and children. The National Women's Monument , on the outskirts of the city, pays homage to the 26, women and children as well as 1, old men [15] also 14, black people, though some sources feel that the records are unsatisfactory, and that this number could be as high as 20, [16] who died in these camps in various parts of the country.
The hill in town was named Naval Hill after the naval guns brought in by the British in order to fortify the position against attack. Due to disagreements over where the Union's capital should be, a compromise was reached that allowed Bloemfontein to host Appellate Division and become the Union's judicial capital.
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The Union of South Africa had not granted rights to black South Africans, causing the organisation's creation. Its primary aim was to fight for the rights of black South Africans. When the National Party won the South African national government elections they began implementing the policy known as apartheid. The policy was built on white supremacy and racial segregation was implemented. In Bloemfontein, residential segregation had begun in the 19th century with the passing of Ordinance 1 of , which determined that no non-white, without written permission from the landlord, had the right to occupy urban land in towns where local municipalities did not yet exist.
On 3 June , the council demarcated three locations in the following areas; the black population was to move to the area which lay to the right of a neighbourhood that was known as Kaffirfontein, Coloureds were to move to the Waaihoek Black residential area on the eastern outskirts of the town. The inhabitants of these settlements had to pay taxes; the so-called hut tax as well as tax on grazing rights.
When the South African apartheid government passed the Group Areas Act of , the Bloemfontein municipality put into effect changes in the racial set-up of the city. The municipality demolished the Cape Stands residential area which was occupied by the city's coloured population and moved the residents to Heidedal. However, due to Coloureds living in such close proximity with black people; intermarriages across racial lines occurred, resulting in a partial mixed population in Heidedal and Mangaung.
In the Bloemfontein municipality began building new residential areas for the city's black population. New residential areas to separate ethnic groups such as Sotho , Xhosa and Tswana were formed. The residential areas were jointly known as Mangaung. Physical buffers such as the railway line and roads were put into place to separate black ethnic groups, the white and coloured population. In , Mangaung faced serious housing shortages when as many as to housing units were needed. The Bloemfontein municipality channelled of all black urbanisation to Thaba Nchu and Botshabelo.
Botshabelo was developed as source of cheap labour for the city of Bloemfontein. A subsidised bus service was established, and Botshabelo was declared decentralisation point. This means that Botshabelo was to become an industrial development point in order to reduce the distance between place of employment and place of residence. In , an approximate 14 people were commuting on a daily basis between Botshabelo and Bloemfontein. In , after the disestablishment of the apartheid government, Bloemfontein, Botshabelo, and Thaba Nchu became part of Motheo District Municipality.
The Motheo District Municipality was disestablished on 18 May and Mangaung was upgraded to become an autonomous metropolitan municipality with Bloemfontein as the main seat. Until the city was the sole judicial capital of South Africa. It is also an administrative centre with many private hospitals and educational institutions. The Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality elects a municipal council for five-year periods, through a mixed-member proportional representation MMP system in which wards elect individual councillors alongside those named from party lists.
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Voters get two votes: one for a representative to become a ward councillor and the other for a political party. The latter vote is used to distribute seats in the municipal council amongst parties while the former distributes seats through the individual representatives. The area is generally flat with occasional hills koppies in Afrikaans and the general vegetation is Highveld grassland.
Snow is rare but as recently as August it snowed in the city, with snowfalls occurring again at the airport on 26 July To the west of Bloemfontein, you will find Langenhoven Park. To the north east you will find Roodewal and Vallombrosa.
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The predominantly black suburbs are; Rocklands, Phahameng, Phelindaba, Bloemanda, Bochabela and the most historic Batho where the Maphikela House where the African National Congress started is situated. To the east of Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba 'Nchu townships are situated.
The Free State Stadium and the surrounding sports complex is the main sports venue in the city and province. There are several other sports venues in the city, however, including facilities belonging to the university, schools and sports clubs. Other stadiums in the city are Mangaung Oval , Dr. The Free State Cheetahs won the Currie Cup in against the Blue Bulls , they drew the final with the Blue Bulls in and retained the Currie Cup title in by beating the Golden Lions resulting in the Cheetahs remaining Currie Cup champions until when the failed to make the final for the first time since Bloemfontein features as a regular venue for touring international and local cricket teams.
The town has one of the most active soaring communities in South Africa and the world, using the New Tempe Airport , north of Bloemfontein. Bloemfontein's shooting sport community has produced many provincial and national representatives over the years. Bloemfontein's Metallic Silhouette Shooting Range is one of the top metallic silhouette shooting ranges in the world.
Bloemfontein has two rock climbing clubs, each with a wall and boulder cave. The first rose festival first took place in , when council members decided that hosting such a festival was appropriate, given the area's name. In the events spanned over a few days and included activities related to roses in the Sanlam Plaza. Since then, the rose festival has expanded and grown to meet the needs and interests of the public. Horticulturalists are invited to take part in competitions that focus on designing and improving unkempt gardens around the city. Festival activities take place in private gardens all over Bloemfontein, as local residents of the city open their gardens to the general public.
Most festival activities take place at the Loch Logan Waterfront, the largest shopping centre in central South Africa. The event is organised by AfriCycle Tours and the dates are announced annually. Bloemfontein houses many institutions of learning, from pre-schools to universities and colleges.
Classes are taught in different languages from school to school, with some schools even teaching all their classes in two languages. The languages are predominantly Afrikaans , English , and Sesotho. Buildings in the CBD also host smaller upstart colleges, which come and go. Such colleges catch the overflow from public institutions and late enrolments, or learners whose high school achievement may fall short of various entry requirements.
This list may vary from year to year:. Bloemfontein's economy is driven by the private sector. Some of South Africa's largest retail companies have headquarters located in the city. Queen of Roses also happens during this event. Nominees need to be citizens. Bloemfontein's national and regional roads are as follows: The N1 , a major highway running roughly SE to NW from Cape Town to Johannesburg and Zimbabwe largely bypasses this city to the west.
Bloemfontein is also the northern end of the N6 road heading roughly southwards to the port of East London. At a T-junction just before the city, the N6 becomes the M30, and the intersecting road is designated the N6. This road ends in an interchange with the N1. There are also two two-digit R routes: the R64 , which is the old road to Kimberley, via Dealesville and Boshof. It ends at the N1. The R30 ends at the N1 north of the town. It is the road to Welkom.
Three other three-digit R routes have their origin in Bloemfontein. The R takes origin from the N8 in the city centre, and heads south-west towards Jagersfontein and Fauresmith. The R also originates from the N8 in the city centre, but heads south-east towards the towns of Dewetsdorp and Wepener. The third road, the R , starts south of the city centre from the M30 and heads north crossing the N8 and N1 towards Bultfontein. Below that level, Bloemfontein has a number of metropolitan or M roads.
These roads are numbered independently of m roads in other South African cities. Bloemfontein is well connected with rail.
It is located on the most important rail junction between Johannesburg and Cape Town , with daily trains to Port Elizabeth , East London and Johannesburg. New Tempe Aerodrome has no scheduled flights, it is used as a training facility for aviators and schools. In October , the Mangaung Metropolitan and various taxi associations reached an agreement on the Integrated Public Transport system which is currently under construction. The project consist of two phases, the first phase will see the construction of bus ways along the Metropolitan. The second will be the building of depot and stations.
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