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The ethnic makeup of Niger in is as follows: Hausa French, inherited from the colonial period, is the official language. It is spoken mainly as a second language by people who have received a formal western education and serves as the administrative language. Niger has been a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie since Niger is a secular country and separation of state and religion is guaranteed by Articles 3 and of the Constitution, which dictate that future amendments or revisions may not modify the secular nature of the republic of Niger.
Religious freedom is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution.
Islam , widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. Islam is the most dominant religion, practiced by The other two main religions of Niger are Christianity , practiced by 0. Other urban Christian expatriate communities from Europe and West Africa are also presented.
Religious persecution is rare in Niger which is ranked last 50 on the World Watch List for severity of persecution that Christians face for actively pursuing their faith. The numbers of Animist practitioners are a point of contention.
As recently as the late 19th century, much of the south center of the nation was unreached by Islam, and the conversion of some rural areas has been only partial. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions such as the Bori religion are practiced by syncretic Muslim communities in some Hausa areas as well as among some Toubou and Wodaabe pastoralists , as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion.
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These include the Hausa-speaking Maouri or Azna , the Hausa word for "pagan" community in Dogondoutci in the south-southwest and the Kanuri speaking Manga near Zinder , both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa Maguzawa religion. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the southwest. Tuareg expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively Berber practices.
Both Zarma and Hausa areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century Fula led Sufi brotherhoods, most notably the Sokoto Caliphate in today's Nigeria. Modern Muslim practice in Niger is often tied to the Tijaniya Sufi brotherhoods , although there are small minority groups tied to Hammallism and Nyassist Sufi orders in the west, and the Sanusiya in the far northeast. A small center of followers of Salafi movement within Sunni Islam have appeared in the last thirty years, in the capital and in Maradi.
Despite this, Niger maintains a tradition as a secular state , protected by law. The literacy rate of Niger is among the lowest in the world; in it was estimated to be only About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years. The child mortality rate in Niger deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4 is high per 1, due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children.
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According to the organization Save the Children , Niger has the world's highest infant mortality rate. Niger also has the highest fertility rate in the world 6. Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which French colonialism formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. Each of these communities, along with smaller ethnic groups like the pastoral Wodaabe Fula , brought their own cultural traditions to the new state of Niger. While successive post-independence governments have tried to forge a shared national culture, this has been slow forming, in part because the major Nigerien communities have their own cultural histories, and in part because Nigerien ethnic groups such as the Hausa , Tuareg and Kanuri are but part of larger ethnic communities which cross borders introduced under colonialism.
Until the s, government and politics was inordinately dominated by Niamey and the Zarma people of the surrounding region. At the same time the plurality of the population, in the Hausa borderlands between Birni-N'Konni and Maine-Soroa , have often looked culturally more to Hausaland in Nigeria than Niamey. Additional education occurs through madrasas. It is an annual traditional courtship ritual practiced by the Wodaabe Fula people of Niger. During this ceremony, young men dressed in elaborate ornamentation and made up in traditional face painting gather in lines to dance and sing, vying for the attention of marriageable young women.
For three days, the festival features a parade of Tuareg camel riders followed with camel and horse races, songs, dances, and storytelling. Niger began developing diverse media in the late s. Prior to the Third Republic, Nigeriens only had access to tightly controlled state media. In addition to the national and regional radio services of the state broadcaster ORTN , there are four privately owned radio networks which total more than stations.
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Three of them—the Anfani Group , Sarounia and Tenere—are urban-based commercial-format FM networks in the major towns. The independent-sector radio networks are collectively estimated by CPRP officials to cover some 7. Aside from Nigerien radio stations, the BBC 's Hausa service is listened to on FM repeaters across wide parts of the country, particularly in the south, close to the border with Nigeria. Radio France Internationale also rebroadcasts in French through some of the commercial stations, via satellite.
Tenere FM also runs a national independent television station of the same name. Despite relative freedom at the national level, Nigerien journalists say they are often pressured by local authorities. International human rights groups have criticised the government since at least as using regulation and police to punish criticism of the state. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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This article is about the landlocked country in Africa. For the neighboring country, see Nigeria. For other uses, see Niger disambiguation. Republic in Western Africa.
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Arabic Buduma. Hausa Kanuri. Lowest ranked. Main article: History of Niger. Main article: Mali Empire. Main article: Songhai Empire. Main article: Geography of Niger. Further information: Wildlife of Niger. This section needs additional citations for verification.
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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main articles: Politics of Niger and Government of Niger. Main article: Foreign relations of Niger. Main article: Judiciary of Niger. Main article: Law enforcement in Niger.
Further information: Niger Armed Forces. Further information: List of cities in Niger. Largest cities or towns in Niger According to the Census [96]. Main article: Economy of Niger. Main article: Demographics of Niger. Main article: Languages of Niger. Main article: Religion in Niger. Religion in Niger religion percent [] Islam. Main article: Islam in Niger. Main article: Education in Niger.
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Main article: Health in Niger. Main article: Culture of Niger. Main article: Cure Salee. Main article: Media of Niger. Archived from the original on 1 March Retrieved 1 March Retrieved 14 November Database updated on 12 April Accessed on 21 April Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. Accessed on 17 April United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 16 December August Retrieved 28 January Archived from the original on 17 June Retrieved 12 May United Nations Statisticsc Division.
Archived from the original on 28 July Archived 14 March at the Wayback Machine from Slate.