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The terrestrial salt dome is consistent with a Bingham flow, while the much larger venusian pancake domes are consistent with a Newtonian flow. Applying the same techniques to Ganesa Macula, a potential cryovolcanic dome on Titan, we estimate a height between 2. Additional factors such as variable roughness and composition might account for some of the discrepancies observed.
What factors control superficial lava dome explosivity? Dome -forming eruption is a frequent eruptive style and a major hazard on numerous volcanoes worldwide.
Lava domes are built by slow extrusion of degassed, viscous magma and may be destroyed by gravitational collapse or explosion. The triggering of lava dome explosions is poorly understood: here we propose a new model of superficial lava- dome explosivity based upon a textural and geochemical study vesicularity, microcrystallinity, cristobalite distribution, residual water contents, crystal transit times of clasts produced by key eruptions.
Superficial explosion of a growing lava dome may be promoted through porosity reduction caused by both vesicle flattening due to gas escape and syn-eruptive cristobalite precipitation. Both processes generate an impermeable and rigid carapace allowing overpressurisation of the inner parts of the lava dome by the rapid input of vesiculated magma batches.
Dome Bergland Nature Park, North West Province
The relative thickness of the cristobalite-rich carapace is an inverse function of the external lava dome surface area. Explosive activity is thus more likely to occur at the onset of lava dome extrusion, in agreement with observations, as the likelihood of superficial lava dome explosions depends inversely on lava dome volume. This new result is of interest for the whole volcanological community and for risk management.
PubMed Central. The near side of the Moon has several areas with a high concentration of volcanic domes. These low relief structures are considerably different in morphology from terrestrial cinder cones, and some of the domes may be similar to some terrestrial shields formed through Hawaiian or Strombolian eruptions from a central pipe vent or small fissure [1].
The domes are evidence that some volcanic lavas were more viscous than the mare flood basalts that make up most of the lunar volcanic flows. It is still not known what types of volcanism lead to the creation of specific domes , or how much dome formation may have varied across the Moon. Prior work has shown that some domes have unusual radar polarization characteristics that may indicate a surface or subsurface structure that is different from that of other domes.
Such differences might result from different styles of late-stage volcanism for some of the domes , or possibly from differences in how the erupted materials were altered over time e. The high CPRs are indicative of rough surfaces, and suggest that these domes may have been built from overlapping blocky flows that in some cases have been covered by meters of regolith [2, 3]. In other cases, domes have low circular polarization ratios indicative of smooth, rock-poor surfaces or possibly pyroclastics. Improving daylight in mosques using domes. The illumination level under the domes were tested under three different cases: a dome without openings the original building , a dome with a central opening, and a dome with openings around the base.
It was found that a dome with openings around the base brings an evenly distributed light all over the prayer hall during the critical hours of p.
Thermal influences on spontaneous rock dome exfoliation. Collins, Brian D. Rock domes , with their onion-skin layers of exfoliation sheets, are among the most captivating landforms on Earth. Long recognized as integral in shaping domes , the exact mechanism s by which exfoliation occurs remains enigmatic, mainly due to the lack of direct observations of natural events. Subsequent exfoliation episodes during the following two summers were recorded by instrumentation that captured—for the first time—exfoliation deformation and stress conditions.
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Here we show that thermal cycling and cumulative dome surface heating can induce subcritical cracking that culminates in seemingly spontaneous exfoliation. Our results indicate that thermal stresses—largely discounted in dome formation literature—can play a key role in triggering exfoliation and therefore may be an important control for shaping domes worldwide. Cryovolcanic emplacement of domes on Europa.
Here we explore the hypothesis that certain domes on Europa may have been produced by the extrusion of viscous cryolavas. A new mathematical method for the emplacement and relaxation of viscous lava domes is presented and applied to putative cryovolcanic domes on Europa. A similarity solution approach is applied to the governing equation for fluid flow in a cylindrical geometry, and dome relaxation is explored assuming a volume of cryolava has been rapidly emplaced onto the surface.
Nonphysical singularities inherent in previous models for dome relaxation have been eliminated, and cryolava cooling is represented by a time-variable viscosity. Plausible relaxation times to form the domes , which are linked to bulk cryolava rheology, are found to range from 3. We find that cooling of the cryolava, while dominated by conduction through an icy skin, should not prevent fluids from advancing and relaxing to form domes within the timescales considered. Determining the range of emplacement conditions for putative cryolava domes will shed light on Europa's resurfacing history.
In addition, the rheologies and compositions of erupted cryolavas have implications for subsurface cryomagma ascent and local surface stress conditions on Europa. Environmental assessment: Richton Dome Site, Mississippi. In February , the US Department of Energy DOE identified the Richton Dome site in Mississippi as one of the nine potentially acceptable sites for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. To determine their suitability, the Richton Dome site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the Recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories.
These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments EAs , which were issued for public review and comment. The site is in the Gulf interior region, which is one of five distinct geohydrologic settings considered for the first repository. This setting contains two other potentially acceptable sites--the Cypress Creek Dome site in Mississippi and the Vacherie Dome site in Louisiana.
On the basis of the evaluations reported in this EA, the DOE has found that the Richton Dome site is not disqualified under the guidelines. Cryovolcanic Emplacement of Domes on Europa. Nonphysical sin- gularities inherent in previous models for dome relaxation have been eliminated, and cryolava cooling is represented by a time-variable viscosity. Reconstructing the evolution of Gneiss domes within orogenic belts poses challenges because domes can form in a variety of geodynamic settings and by multiple doming mechanisms. For the North Himalayan gneiss domes NHGD , it is debated whether they formed during shortening, extension or collapse of the plateau, and what is the spatial and temporal relationship of magmatism, metamorphism and deformation.
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This study investigates the Yardoi dome in southern Tibet using field mapping, petrography, phase equilibria modelling and new monazite ages. By comparing with orogen-scale tectonic processes in the Himalaya, we suggest that north- south extension in a convergent geodynamic setting during Early Miocene accounts for formation of the Yardoi dome. In a wider tectonic context, the Early Miocene rapid exhumation of deep crustal rocks was contemporaneous with the rapid uplift of southern Tibet and the Himalayan orogen.
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The Mongolian Plateau is a broad regional uplift positioned between the Siberian Craton to the north and the far northern edge of the India-Asia collision to the south. Within this intracontinental setting of high topography, the Hangay Dome in central Mongolia reaches elevations of 4 km and contains intermittent basaltic magmatism over the last 30 Ma.
The relationship between high topography, magmatism, and geodynamic processes remains largely unsolved although processes ranging from lithospheric delamination to mantle plume effects have been proposed. A temporary array of seismic stations was deployed around the Hangay Dome to determine lithospheric structure. Preliminary results are shown from receiver function analysis, ambient noise tomography, and teleseismic P-wave tomography. Crustal thickness measurements from H-k stacking of receiver functions range from 42 km to 57 km across the array, with thicker crust beneath the highest topography.
The stacked receiver functions are also combined with ambient noise phase velocity dispersion measurements in a joint inversion for shear velocity profiles at each station which reveals crustal thickness estimates consistent with the H-k stacks while also determining the shear velocity step at the Moho.
To first order, the high topography of.
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Impact of Upheaval Dome , Utah. Reexamination of Upheaval Dome in the Canyonlands National Park, Utah, shows that the structure of this remarkable feature conforms with that expected for a deeply eroded astrobleme. The structure is definitely not compatible with an origin due simply to plastic flowage of salt and other rocks in the underlying Paradox Formation. The most strongly deformed rocks are bounded by a series of circumferential listric faults.
The convergent displacement of the rocks corresponds to the deformation that results from collapse of a transient cavity produced by high speed impact. From considerations of the probable depth of exposure of the impact structure and upward extrapolation of the listric faults, the final collapsed crater is estimated to be about 8 to 10 km in diameter; the impacting body was on the order of 0.
Effective pine bark composting with the Dome Aeration Technology. In South Africa garden refuse is primarily disposed of in domestic landfills. Due to the large quantities generated, any form of treatment would be beneficial for volume reduction, waste stabilization and resource recovery. Advantages of dome aeration in mechanical-biological waste treatment. Mechanical-biological waste stabilization by the dome aeration method.
Mollekopf, N. Use of the Dome Aeration Technology for biochemical stabilization of waste prior to landfilling. It is a non-reactor open windrow composting process, with the main advantage being that the input material needs no periodic turning. A rotting time of only months indicates the high efficiency. The innovation in the DAT process is the passive aeration achieved by thermally driven advection through open windrows caused by temperature differences between the degrading material and the outside environment.
This paper investigates the application of Dome Aeration Technology to pine bark composting as part of an integrated waste management strategy.