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Desertion, insolence, drunkenness, negligence and strikes were also criminal offences. Theoretically these laws applied to all races, but the courts held that the laws were applicable only to unskilled work, which was performed mostly by Black people Dugard 85; Horrell 6. Permitted the granting of certificates of competency for a number of skilled mining occupations to Whites and Coloureds only. Prohibited Blacks from owning or renting land outside designated reserves approximately 7 per cent of land in the country.
Commenced: 19 June It paved the way for the creation of a countrywide system of tribally based, but government appointed, district councils modelled on the lines of the Glen Grey Act of The principal of separate, communally-based political representation for Africans was extended by the Representation of Natives Act. Timeline: Anti-Indian Legislation. This ordinance enables the Durban City Council to exclude Indians from ownership or occupation of property in White areas.
The Natives Urban Areas Act legislated on a broad front to regulate the presence of Africans in the urban areas. It gave local authorities the power to demarcate and establish African locations on the outskirts of White urban and industrial areas, and to determine access to, and the funding of, these areas.
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Local authorities were expected to provide housing for Africans, or to require employers to provide housing for those of their workers who did not live in the locations. Africans living in White areas could be forced to move to the locations. Local authorities were empowered to administer the registration of African service contracts, and to determine the extent of African beer brewing or trading in the locations. Municipalities were also instructed to establish separate African revenue accounts based on the income from fines, fees and rents exacted from 'natives' in the locations; this money was to be used for the upkeep and improvement of the locations.
The critical function entrusted to the local authorities was, however, the administration of tougher Pass laws: Africans deemed surplus to the labour needs of White households, commerce and industry, or those leading an 'idle, dissolute or disorderly life', could be deported to the Reserves. In implementing the Act, local authorities were careful to consider the needs of industry.
In Johannesburg, for instance, where industrialists made no bones about wanting a large pool of permanent standby labour, it was only intermittently applied until the end of the s. The Act was amended in later years.
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This act provides for job reservation. Excluded Blacks from membership of registered trade unions and prohibited registration of Black trade unions. Commenced: 8 April Repealed by section 86 of the Industrial Conciliation Act No 36 of This Ordinance attempts to cripple Indian trade.
This Ordinance prevented Indian ownership of land in White areas. This Act leads to a form of job reservation and promotes White employment. Certain trades are earmarked for Whites. It defines Indians as aliens and recommends limitation of population through repatriation. The Mines and Works Act must be seen against the background of the wage and job colour bars in South Africa. The Act, mentioned earlier, reserved skilled work for Whites only.
But in spite of this law, mine owners continued to desk ill jobs and give more and more work to Black miners to save labour costs. This Act provides certificates of competency for skilled work, Indian workers are excluded. The legislation was a reflection of the belief of most Whites, especially in the labour market, that the welfare of Whites would suffer significantly if Blacks were not legislated out of the market.
Indians and Africans could not be employed by licence holders and were not allowed on licensed premises and liquor supply vehicles. It requires children of South African Indian parents, born outside the Union to enter the country within three months of birth. In addition South Africans who absent themselves for three continuous years from the country forfeit domicile rights, and Indians who have entered the country illegally mostly at the time of the Anglo-Boer War condoned and issued with condonation certificates.
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Families of condonees are not allowed to join them. The Indian government complies. The bonus doubled in , and finally abolished in when it becomes apparent that only the old, intending to retire in India, take advantage of it. Transvaal laws are to be applied to Indians in Utrecht, Vryheid, and Paulpietersburg.
Apartheid Legislation ss | South African History Online
Restrictions placed on land purchase, trade and residence rights. Africans and Indians are denied employment by license holders and are not allowed to serve liquor and drive liquor vans. They are also denied access to licensed premises. This Bill becomes law and the scheme of assisted emigration comes into operation.
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Repatriation: Indians repatriated; repatriated; repatriated. Segregation and Apartheid Laws as Applied to Indians Nationality and Flag Act denies Indians right to become citizens by naturalization. Indians not recognised as South African Nationals. The Act stated that all moveable property belonging to a Black and allotted by him or accruing under Black law or custom to any woman with whom he lived in a customary union, or to any house, shall upon his death devolve and be administered under Black law and custom.
Proposes segregation: relocation of Indians to designated areas exempted from Gold Law within five years.
No protection for those who had acquired interests on proclaimed mining land. Provided for the registration and regulation of trade unions and employers' organisations, the settlement of disputes between employers and employees, and the regulation of conditions of employment. Repealed by s 56 of the Industrial Conciliation Act No 28 of This is the continuation of Act. This Act provides a single national board the Wage Board to recommend minimum wages and conditions of unorganised or unregistered groups of workers in all industries. The Act gave only European women the right to elect and to be elected to the Houses of Parliament.
Commenced: 21 May Repealed by section 20 of the Riotous Assemblies Act No 17 of The Act drew all Africans outside of the reserves into the agricultural economy, while extending existing controls over labour tenancy. This meant that a farmer could expel the entire tenant family if any one member defaulted on his or her labour obligation. The Act had additional elements allowing for farmers to whip tenants, as well as compel farm tenants to carry passes. The Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Act and its subsequent amendments in , and establish statutory segregation of Indians in the Transvaal end the state of uncertainty about their status in the Province that has obtained since the passing of Law 3, It is passed in This Act is aimed at improving conditions in locations, but actually expropriates Indian property.
Under the pretext of Sanitation, the Act is enforced to demolish and expropriate with the ultimate aim of segregation. This Ordinance causes the refusal of licenses to people whose properties have depreciated in value or whose licenses endangers the comfort and health of neighbours. Removed Black voters in the Cape from the common roll and placed them on a separate roll Dugard Blacks throughout the Union were then represented by four White senators.
Commenced: 10 July The Representation of Natives Act essentially stripped African people in the Cape of their voting rights and offered instead a limited form of parliamentary representation, through special White representatives. Commenced: 31 August Provided for the registration and control of aliens. Assent gained: 14 June ; commencement date not found.
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Repealed by s 60 of the Aliens Control Act No 96 of Minister of Interior empowered to exempt further areas for Indian occupation with possibility of freehold title. Act accepts policy of segregation. Indians to be confined to separate areas. The Native Trust and Land Act contained the following key provisions: The Act integrated land identified by the Act into African reserves, and thereby formalised the separation of White and Black rural areas; The Act established a South African Native Trust SANT which purchased all reserve land not yet owned by the state, and had responsibility for administering African reserve areas.
The SANT imposed systems of control over livestock, introduced the division of arable and grazing land, and enforced residential planning and villagisation called 'betterment' under the guise of modernising African agricultural systems; An elaborate system for registering and controlling the distribution of labour tenants and squatters was introduced under the Act. With these provisions, any African unlawfully resident on White-owned land could be evicted; and Areas in White South Africa where Blacks owned land were declared "Black spots", and the state began to implement measures to remove the owners of this land to the reserves.
The Act provided the basis for formalising African reserve areas, as well as the eviction of tenants from farms for the next fifty years. This Act compliments the Representation of Natives Act of , in that it allows for a further 6. The function of the Trust is to acquire and administer all released land. This means that African people were not permitted to own land in their own right. Restricted and regulated the entry of certain aliens into the Union and regulated the right of any person to assume a surname.
Commenced: 1 February Repealed by section 56 of the Industrial Conciliation Act No 28 of Commenced: 1 January The only section remaining in force is section 36, which amended s 7 of the Agricultural Holdings Transvaal Registration Act 22 of and has no discriminatory implications. This Act debars Indians from holding seats on regulatory boards.