- Global news and publications
- Beaufort West
- Get help from Veterans Crisis Line
- Beaufort West Air Quality Index (AQI) and South Africa Air Pollution | AirVisual
Discover wild animals in abundance. Experience a mind blowing huge amount of plant species. Enjoy the local people with their most diverse cultures, languages, traditions, food specialities, and beliefs. All peacefully coexisting in this unique and remote, arid zone of South Africa.
The Karoo will take you back in time. Far back in times, if you like.
Global news and publications
To recently past centuries, with stunningly beautiful Victorian, Cape Dutch and Georgian architecture, to name but a few. Telephone operators still connecting phone calls on a switchboard whilst always knowing more about the people than the local hair dressers! Go back thousands of years if you like, when visiting one of the numerous mystic sites of bushman paintings and engravings to learn more about the fascinating culture of the San, the first inhabitants of this area.
You may even want to go back further than that! Dinosaur fossils, millions of years old and scattered in the open veld all around Beaufort West and the Central Karoo, with many of them not even discovered yet. Although the underclass received only limited benefits, the British land and labour policies—together with a restructuring of local government—threatened many Afrikaners. Their exodus was to become the central saga of 20th-century Afrikaner nationalism.
Beaufort West
Beyond the confines of the colony, they established separate republics in Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal, outflanking the Xhosa along the southeast coast, where the British were confronted by a series of interlocking crises. The first of these crises had erupted in shortly after the British first occupied the Cape. This was the third war between settlers and Xhosa in the Zuurveld and coincided with a mass uprising of Khoisan in Graaff-Reinet. Although peace was restored in , the Xhosa remained in the Zuurveld until British troops drove them east of the Great Fish River in —12; subsequent near-constant skirmishing again exploded into war in —l9, —35, and l For most of the century the Cape was dependent on British troops for its defense and for the further conquest of African territory.
By mid century the western Xhosa were formidable foes who used firearms and adopted guerrilla tactics. Thus, the eighth war —53 was the most drawn-out and costly of all. In the end, it was not British arms or settler prowess that defeated the Xhosa but internal tensions resulting from the activities of white traders, missionaries, and settlers.
- internet dating near Riversdale South Africa.
- Real-time South Africa city ranking.
- National Cemetery Administration?
- This site also uses cookies;
- Oudtshoorn → Beaufort West Bus: from $8 | Citiliner, Intercape | Busbud;
- matchmaking agencies in Kuruman South Africa;
- free dating services Welkom South Africa;
These pressures were increased by the confiscation of Xhosa land and cattle, the apportionment after each war of captives as labour to settlers, the arrival of refugees from wars beyond their frontiers, and the expansion of commercial sheep farming, which was the most important sector of the Cape economy by the s.
In the internally divided Xhosa, exhausted by years of attrition , in the midst of severe drought and cattle disease, and undermined by the aggressive policies of the British governor Sir George Grey , turned to millenarian prophecies. They slaughtered their cattle and destroyed their crops in the belief that doing so would raise their ancestors from their graves and drive the whites into the sea. When the awaited salvation failed to materialize, some 30,—40, Xhosa streamed across the frontier to seek work in the colony. An equal number died of starvation.
Although Xhosa farther east fought the colonists again in and , the slaughter of the cattle marked the end of Xhosa political and economic integrity. Thereafter the annexation of the remaining African territories proceeded peacefully, if piecemeal. The last of the independent kingdoms to pass into Cape hands was Pondoland , in From the end of the 18th century, European missionaries were crucial in the transformation of African society at the Cape.
With Christianity came Victorian notions of civilization and progress. Progress meant that Africans produced agricultural products for export and entered into the labour market. The first converts in the Cape were the Khoisan, in the east and north, and the Griqua, who by the s had formed a series of independent if schismatic states in the Vaal-Orange confluence.
The neighbouring Sotho-Tswana communities were also early sites of missionary activity. The most notable of the Tswana converts were the Ngwato , under the king Khama III reigned — , who established a virtual theocracy among his people and was perhaps the most acclaimed Christian convert of his day, while in the eastern Cape the Mfengu were in the forefront of mission activity and peasant enterprise. In the second half of the 19th century, increasing numbers of Xhosa also turned to Christianity.
In Zululand and on the Highveld the missionaries both preceded and paved the way for white settlers and were sometimes their fiercest critics. Initially Christianity tended to advance most rapidly among the disaffected and dispossessed, and especially among women, with those who depended on the slave trade less enthusiastic. It was usually only after a major disaster undermined their belief systems that considerable numbers of men turned to the new religion. By inculcating individualism and encouraging the stratification that was to lead so many of their converts onto the colonial labour markets, the missionaries attacked much that was central to African society and developed an ideology to accompany colonial subordination.
The first European missionaries to south-central Africa, inspired by Livingstone, set up their Universities Mission in In the Free Church of Scotland established the Livingstonia Mission in his memory, while the established Church of Scotland began work among the Yao at Blantyre the following year. From Lake Nyasa the Scottish missions spread inland to northeastern Zambia and were followed by a large number of representatives of other Christian denominations in the last decades of the century. By the last quarter of the 19th century, European missionaries and African evangelists of almost every denomination were working among the peoples of Southern Africa, eroding chiefly authority and inculcating the new values and practices of the colonial world but also bringing new modes of resistance and educating many Christian Africans who later became outspoken critics of colonialism.
If the expansion of white settlement under the British led to a vast expropriation of African land and labour, it also led to a rapid expansion of unequal trading relations. Black-white exchange existed in the frontier zone from the early 18th century. The establishment of trekker republics in Natal and on the Highveld greatly expanded the frontiers of white settlement.
The Voortrekkers , however, did not display any sense of national unity, and the parties soon fell out and set off in different directions. The trekkers enjoyed some spectacular successes as a result of their firearms, horses, and use of ox-wagons to form laagers protected encampments , as well as their strategic alliances with African chiefdoms; they found it far more difficult to establish permanent hegemony over the region.
Victory over the Zulu at the Battle of Blood River on December 16, , and divisions in the Zulu kingdom enabled the establishment of the short-lived Republic of Natalia, bounded to the north by the still-powerful Zulu kingdom and to the south by the Mpondo. In , however, the British, anxious to control the sea route to India, fearful of trekker negotiations with foreign powers, and concerned that trekker raids would spread to the eastern frontier, annexed Natal, leaving the Zulu kingdom north of the Tugela River independent until its disintegration in the civil wars that followed its defeat by the British army in For most of the 19th century, British Natal was surrounded by powerful African states and was heavily outnumbered by Africans within the colony.
Constitutional development in Natal was slower and more erratic than in the Cape; colonists received responsible government only in Absentee landowners bought up land claimed and vacated by the Voortrekkers and extracted rent from African producers, hoping increased white immigration would raise land prices.
Like the weak colonial administration, the absentees were anxious to avoid the conflict that would have resulted from the expropriation of land occupied by Africans demanded by smaller settler-farmers. When in sugar was exploited successfully for the first time, indentured labour had to be brought from India to do the arduous work, because Africans—many of whom still had their own land and cattle—refused to work for the low wages offered on the plantations.
By the last decades of the 19th century, however, a land shortage and high taxes had forced large numbers of Africans to seek work in colonial labour markets. With the British annexation of Natal, most of the Voortrekkers rejoined their compatriots on the Highveld, where separate communities had been established in Transorangia the region across the Orange River and the western and northeastern Transvaal.
Apart from a brief period in the mid 19th century, the British left them alone, controlling external trade and security threats through the coastal colonies. On the Highveld the Voortrekkers entered a vibrant and complex African world. To ensconce themselves in the interior, they fought major wars and established a series of accommodations with those Africans whom they were unable to conquer.
Compared with the British colonies, the racially exclusive republics between the Vaal, Hartz, and Limpopo rivers were weak members of the world economy, dependent on cattle ranching and hunting. Bitterly divided politically and ecclesiastically, these republics were unified in as the South African Republic , annexed as the British colony of the Transvaal between and , and reconquered as the Transvaal during the South African War — The trekkers staked a claim to Black lands, provided a framework for speculation and the beginnings of commerce, and established formal legal title to territory, though these claims were as yet barely effective.
The incapacity of the settlers to wrest the indigenous inhabitants from their land resulted in the development of several types of labour coercion and control: slavery, clientship, indenture, debt bondage , and various forms of rent and labour tenancy. The struggle to transform formal claims into actual landownership and control continued well into the 20th century. Money was short, and government officials were paid in land, usually along with its African occupants. Surrounded by a horseshoe of powerful African chiefdoms, it was only in the last third of the 19th century, during a period of renewed imperial interest in the interior, that the balance of power shifted decisively in favour of white farmers.
Farther south, in Transorangia, a far greater proportion of the small settler community was tied to Cape and British markets through wool production. Of a population in of some ,, only the 26, whites had citizenship, but many European observers considered the Orange Free State , with its parliament and written constitution, a model republic. Despite the Dutch ancestry of the majority of the settlers, English was the language of commerce and education into the 20th century. With the restoration of peace on the Highveld in the s, many Africans attempted to return to their lands, only to find them occupied.
On the first occasion, the Orange Free State was forced to sue for peace.
- free dating city in Thohoyandou South Africa.
- Beaufort West: 47 properties found.
- Air quality in Beaufort West?
- dating over 50 Brakpan South Africa;
- best hookup sites Potchefstroom South Africa.
- www.wellnesselek.hu : Hotels in Beaufort West . Book your hotel now!;
- Temperature.
On the second, Basutoland, internally divided and starved of arms by the British decision to sell weapons to Afrikaners but not Africans, was beaten. Some chiefs, especially in the north, offered their allegiance to the Afrikaners and, with their followers, became labour-tenants on their farms; others moved into the Transkei.
- millionaire dating service near Bloemfontein South Africa.
- matchmaking agency in Johannesburg South Africa.
- To Beaufort West with Greyhound!?
- Climate Beaufort West - meteoblue;
- Navigation menu.
- lesbian dating site Ritchie South Africa;
- sex dating Mankoeng South Africa;
In , in response to repeated appeals from the Sotho, the governor of the Cape annexed Basutoland, leaving the Orange Free State in possession of the fertile Caledon River valley. In the frontiers of Basutoland were delimited, and shortly thereafter it was handed over to the Cape. In , however, when the Cape government tried to disarm the Sotho, a war that the colony could not control broke out, and in Basutoland reverted to British rule.
Get help from Veterans Crisis Line
The Orange Free State also constantly encroached on the better-watered land of its western neighbours, the Griqua and southern Tswana states, which were also under frequent attack from the South African Republic. These attacks led to a growing alliance among the Tswana kingdoms and to protest from the missionaries and Cape traders, who feared the Afrikaners would block the main route to the interior. Nevertheless, the area came under colonial rule only after the discovery in of diamonds in Griqualand West. From the s it was known that there was gold in the interior of Southern Africa.
In diamonds were discovered at Kimberley in Griqualand West to the north of the Cape Colony, followed shortly thereafter by discoveries of outcrop surface gold in the Transvaal and deep seams of gold on the Witwatersrand in The conjuncture of speculation in mining futures and land, the imposition of colonial or company rule, and an industrial revolution based on mineral extraction meant that the last third of the 19th century was one of the most traumatic in the history of the region.
The language of racial domination, though hardly new, was now buttressed by social Darwinism and was particularly well suited to an era of intensified land and labour exploitation. The mineral discoveries led to dramatic economic development. Roads, railways, and harbours were built. New coal mines were exploited. Manufacturing, though in its infancy, responded to the new markets, while the creation of an internal market for food was crucial in the commercialization of agriculture and the spread of African cash crop production.
Land prices soared, and the demand for labour became insatiable.
Beaufort West Air Quality Index (AQI) and South Africa Air Pollution | AirVisual
A working class—consisting of both whites and Blacks—was created out of the preindustrial societies. Colonial conquest subjugated the remaining independent African societies and destroyed the bargaining power of Black workers. People from all over the world came to Griqualand West to seek their fortune; between and more than 50, Africans from all over the subcontinent came each year, many of them lured by the prospect of purchasing firearms.
Within a few years there was hardly an African chiefdom, from the Transkei to the Limpopo, that was not armed with guns. Combined with the progressive encroachment on African lands and the intensifying demand for their labour, the rearming of Africans was a major source of the instability of these years. Initially, claims on the diamond fields were limited, technology was primitive, and small-scale Black diggers could compete with whites. In the mid s, however, chaotic production conditions, a flooded world diamond market, and labour shortages made the transition to larger units of production necessary.
Joint-stock companies were created, bringing international capital and a transformation of mining technology. By the thousands of claims of the previous decade had been monopolized by the De Beers Mining Company. For Black and white workers the establishment of the De Beers monopoly was of immense significance.