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Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that Connect. Sources and elemental composition of ambient PM5 in three European cities. Science of the total environment. Effect of gravity on aerosol dispersion and deposition in the human lung after periods of breath holding. Journal of applied physiology, University of California.
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February 24 Government Gazette, Health risk assessment of kerosene usage in an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa. Atmospheric Environment. Health risk assessment for sulphur dioxide pollution in South Africa, South Africa. Arch Environ Health. USA: Washington. Google Scholar WHO.
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Accessed 4th February Children under the age of 12, cannot be criminally prosecuted, but older persons can. It can also be argued by the hands of Act 32 of that children under the age of 12, engaging in sexual activities with themselves for example masturbation , is illegal as the act defines sex as any activity where sexual arousal or stimulation is induced, that includes as per the act , by oneself. It is also illegal to watch pornography where the participant is under the age of 18, whether you are an adult or not. Some see this as a strange regulation given the fact that sexual acts for year-olds and above are permitted and ages 12 to 16 are permitted between those of the same age, if they perform the act in person.
It raises the question which one of the two is worse, the pornography or the sexual act? Section 12 of the Sexual Offences Act, prohibits sexual acts between family members, regardless of age. One cannot consent to a sexual act with a family member in the same blood line or adoptive family members, meaning ascendants parents, grandparents etc or descendents children, grand children etc.
Incest is a criminally prosecutable offence. One cannot consent to this type of sexual act, and is a criminally prosecutable offence, along with additional interpretations of the Animal Protection Act 71 of It needs to be point out that the act does not prohibit masturbating an animal for scientific research or breeding purposes is. Apart from other parts of the Sexual Offences Act, there are also protection for sexual acts for people ages 18 and above.
This is why in running news bulletins , where for example school children, who have recorded; taken photos of sexual acts; or distributing it, may be charged with sexual assault, even though they themselves were not involved in the sexual act.
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See section 7 to 11 of the Act for more detail. Flashing persons; exploiting persons especially children for financial gains and various other aspects is also considered as sexual assault by the Sexual Offences Act. The Sexual Offences Act goes into broad detail of sexual acts with people with disabilities, but in summary, sexual acts with any person regardless of their age , who are registered as a person with a mental disability, is prohibited and criminally prosecutable.
Certain professionals as specified by the law, including social, mental well-being and health care workers must report any reasonable belief that a sexual offence has been committed to the SAPS. Act 32 of also makes it mandatory to report any attempt or conspiracy by someone to commit a sexual offence to the above said authorities.
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It is important to note that the new Act Act 32 of no longer has separate legal ages of consent for sex between different sexual orientations or genders. All sexualities and genders are interpreted as equals under the act. The previous acts Immorality Act, and Immorality Amendment Act, clearly differentiated age of sexual consent between different genders, as well as sexual orientation. These older acts have some parts of their content with routes from the Dutch law system as far back as the 17th Century. This act focused mainly on sexual consent by females. The interim constitution for South Africa, in effect in , abolished the discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender and thus some parts of the sex and sexual offences act s in effect at that time were overruled, and finalised with the final constitution of This amendment also prohibited sex between a boy under 16 and a woman age and gender discrimination , between two men under the age of 19 sexual orientation discrimination and a girl, under the age of 19 gender and age discrimination, as well as sexual orientation discrimination.
The new constitution called for a whole new concept of legislation concerning sexual acts and sexual offences, and this lead to the Criminal Law Sexual Offences and Related Matters Act 32 of The Clinic brought the case to court in support with the Centre for Child Law. The Clinic was of opinion that criminalising sexual acts for children age 12 to 16 would prevent children involved in sexual acts especially pregnant girls of that age to come forward for guidance, advice and abortion options — out of fear for criminal prosecution.
They also referred to a case where a girl came forward with claims of rape by two boys age 14 and 16, however lack of evidence for the rape charges, gave rise to the National Prosecution Authority The NPA to instate criminal charges against the girl as well, for having underage sex.