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Under the system of apartheid Afrikaans for "apartness", though the system was founded by the British , a comprehensive system of racial segregation was imposed upon South Africa starting in The economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands of cheap black workers who performed most of the semi-skilled and unskilled work, and which forced the government to make some exceptions to apartheid in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital.
In March , Johannesburg witnessed widespread demonstrations against apartheid in response to the Sharpeville massacre. Their arrest led to the famous Rivonia Trial. On 16 June , demonstrations broke out in Soweto over a government decree that black school-children be educated in Afrikaans instead of English, and after the police fired on the demonstrations, rioting against apartheid began in Soweto and spread into the greater Johannesburg area.
The central area of the city underwent something of a decline in the s and s, due to the high crime rate and when property speculators directed large amounts of capital into suburban shopping malls, decentralised office parks, and entertainment centres. Sandton City was opened in , followed by Rosebank Mall in , and Eastgate in On 12 May , a series of riots started in the township of Alexandra , in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg, when locals attacked migrants from Mozambique , Malawi and Zimbabwe , killing two people and injuring 40 others.
These riots sparked the xenophobic attacks of It was known throughout its redevelopment as the Newtown cultural precinct it was therefore important to stage, old renovated buildings as the setting of the new precinct. Demolishing the old structures and replacing them with new buildings would not have achieved the same effect. Everyone played their part in the marketing, branding and the new identity of the precinct, the City, heritage bodies, heritage practitioners, private companies all played a part.
The old warehouse industrial buildings that once lay decaying in Newtown are now synonymous with culture and flair. Like many cities around the world, there is an increasing focus on the rejuvenation of the inner city of Johannesburg. Originally a hub for art, it has expanded to include restaurants, entertainment venues and retail stores as well as accommodation and hotels. Maboneng calls itself "a place of inspiration — a creative hub, a place to do business, a destination for visitors and a safe, integrated community for residents.
A beacon of strength in Africa's most economically prosperous city". After being destroyed in to make way for a motor showroom by Imperial Holdings, the iconic Rand Steam Laundries are now being redeveloped as an exact replica, by the order of the Johannesburg Heritage Council. Apart from one filtration shed, there is nothing left on the site after being destroyed.
The former Central Business District is located on the southern side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand English: White Water's Ridge and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers as the northern part of the city is drained by the Jukskei River while the southern part of the city, including most of the Central Business District, is drained by the Klip River. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter. Johannesburg may not be built on a river or harbour, but its streams contribute to two of southern Africa's mightiest rivers — the Limpopo and the Orange.
Most of the springs from which many of these streams emanate are now covered in concrete and canalised, accounting for the fact that the names of early farms in the area often end with "fontein", meaning "spring" in Afrikaans. Braamfontein, Rietfontein, Zevenfontein, Doornfontein, Zandfontein and Randjesfontein are some examples. Another explanation is that the whiteness comes from the quartzite rock, which has a particular sheen to it after rain. The site was not chosen solely for its streams, however. One of the main reasons the city was founded where it stands today was because of the gold.
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Indeed, the city once sat near massive amounts of gold, given that at one point the Witwatersrand gold industry produced forty per cent of the planet's gold. The city is often described as Africa's economic powerhouse, and contentiously as a modern and prosperous African city. Some tend to include Benoni and Germiston as well. Due to its many different central districts, Johannesburg would fall under the multiple nuclei model in human geography terms.
It is the hub of South Africa's commercial, financial, industrial, and mining undertakings. Johannesburg is part of a larger urban region. It is closely linked with several other satellite towns. Randburg and Sandton form part of the northern area. The east and west ridges spread out from central Johannesburg. Johannesburg's city centre retains its elements of a rectangular grid pattern that was first officially recorded in Old Victorian-era buildings first built in the late s have been torn down long ago.
These were important Beaux-Arts structures, with the style put in place by at the time colonial parent, the British Empire. Many of the city's older buildings have been demolished and more modern ones built in their place. The city enjoys a sunny climate, with the summer months October to April characterised by hot days followed by afternoon thundershowers and cool evenings, and the winter months May to September by dry, sunny days followed by cold nights. The UV index for Johannesburg in summers is extreme, often reaching 14—16 due to the high elevation and its location in the subtropics.
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Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with mild days and cool nights, dropping to 4. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing frost. Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in the twentieth century during May , August , June and September In the 21st century, there was light sleet in , as well as snow proper on 27 June accumulating up to 10 centimetres or 4 inches in the southern suburbs [50] and 7 August Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies.
The annual average rainfall is millimetres Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months. The lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded is 1. According to the South African National Census , the population of Johannesburg is 4,, people, [60] making it the most populous city in South Africa it has been the most populous city in South Africa since at least the s. Only 0. Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in and given city status in , has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". As of [update] , this main place had a population of , and an area of Johannesburg's urban agglomeration spreads well beyond the administrative boundary of the municipality.
The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,, in by "citypopulation. Some authors consider the metropolitan area to include most of Gauteng province.
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Johannesburg's suburbs are the product of urban sprawl and are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities. The inner city buildings have been let out to the lower income groups and illegal immigrants and as a result abandoned buildings and crime have become a feature of inner city life. The immediate city suburbs include Yeoville , a hot spot for black nightlife despite its otherwise poor reputation.
The suburbs to the south of the city are mainly blue collar neighbourhoods and situated closer to some townships. Greater Johannesburg consists of more than five hundred suburbs in an area covering more than two hundred square miles square kilometres. The suburbs to the west have in recent years floundered with the decline of the mining industry but have in some cases experienced some revival with properties being bought up by the local African middle class.
The biggest sprawl lies to the east and north. The eastern suburbs are relatively prosperous and close to various industrial zones. The northern suburbs have been the recipient of most of the flight from the inner city with the city starting to sprawl northwards and multiple secondary CBDs forming in the north towards Pretoria. Traditionally the northern and north-western suburbs have been the centre for the wealthy, containing the high-end retail shops as well as several upper-class residential areas such as Hyde Park , Sandhurst , Northcliff , Hurlingham , Bryanston and Houghton , where Nelson Mandela made his home.
The north-western area, in particular, is vibrant and lively, with the mostly black suburb of Sophiatown once the centre of political activity and the Bohemian-flavoured Melville featuring restaurants and nightlife. To the southwest of the city centre is Soweto , a township constructed during apartheid for housing displaced black South Africans then living in areas designated for white settlement.
To the south of Johannesburg is Lenasia , a predominantly Asian neighbourhood which was constructed during apartheid specifically to house Asians. Closer to Alexandria communities like Glenazel and Norwood have been integral in the urban landscape of Johannesburg. Mining was the foundation of the Witwatersrand 's economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy.
While gold mining no longer takes place within the city limits , most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants.
The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions.
The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region.
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Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of Lesotho , the biggest of which is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project , but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century. Melrose Arch is one of its most prestigious. There were also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, in Midrand , but these have been indefinitely delayed due to the opening of Mall of Africa.
Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened.
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Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Municipality in the city was subdivided into eleven regions, simply named Region 1 to Region These were reorganized in into the current seven regions named alphabetically Region A to Region G, as shown on the map left. As of [update] the seven regions are:. In the municipal elections, the ruling party, the ANC, lost their majority in Johannesburg for the first time since taking power in , claiming only After the Group Areas Act was scrapped in , Johannesburg was affected by urban blight.
Thousands of poor black people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships like Soweto and many immigrants from economically beleaguered and war torn African nations flooded into South Africa. Many buildings were abandoned by landlords , especially in high-density areas, such as Hillbrow. Many corporations and institutions, including the stock exchange , moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs like Sandton.
Reviving the city centre is one of the main aims of the municipal government of Johannesburg. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city.
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These measures include closed-circuit television on street corners. An example is the once gangster paradise Braamfontein now hosting the best rated coffeehouse in the world and Newtown hosting an interactive science museum. Crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow. Murders in the Johannesburg municipality amounted to 1, in according to the South African Medical Research Council, a rate of 43 per Johannesburg is a cultural hub in South Africa [82] and has a wide variety of cultural venues, making it a prominent area for many creative and cultural industries.
Johannesburg is home to the National School of Arts, The University of Witwatersrand's School of the Arts and the South African Ballet Theatre, [82] [83] as well as the Johannesburg Art Gallery [84] and other prominent cultural landmarks, such as the Mary Fitzgerald Square [82] and numerous other museums, theatres, galleries and libraries. Specialist museums cover subjects such as Africana, costume, design, fossils , geology, military history , medical, pharmacy , photography and transportation networks such as railways.