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Gunners of the Royal Artillery wore blue jackets. The Boer marksmen could easily snipe at British troops from a distance. The Boers carried no bayonets, leaving them at a substantial disadvantage in close combat, which they avoided as often as possible. Drawing on years of experience of fighting frontier skirmishes with numerous and indigenous African tribes, they relied more on mobility, stealth, marksmanship and initiative while the British emphasised the traditional military values of command, discipline, formation and synchronised firepower.
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The average British soldier was not trained to be a marksman and got little target practice. What shooting training British soldiers had was mainly as a unit firing in volleys on command. At the first battle at Bronkhorstspruit on 20 December , Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Anstruther and men of the 94th Foot Connaught Rangers were killed or wounded by Boer fire within minutes of the first shots.
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Boer losses totalled two killed and five wounded. This mainly Irish regiment was marching westward toward Pretoria, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Anstruther, when halted by a Boer commando group. They were halted when they approached a small stream called the Bronkhorstspruit, 38 miles from Pretoria. Anstruther refused and ordered that ammunition be distributed. The Boers opened fire and the ambushed British troops were annihilated.
In the ensuing engagement, the column lost 56 men dead and 92 wounded. The Boer uprising caught the six small British forts scattered around the Transvaal by surprise. They housed some 2, troops between them, including irregulars with as few as fifty soldiers at Lydenburg [8] [9] in the east which Anstruther had just left.
First Boer War
Being isolated, and with so few men, all the forts could do was prepare for a siege, and wait to be relieved. By 6 January , Boers had begun to besiege Lydenburg. The other five forts, with a minimum of fifty miles between any two, were at Wakkerstroom and Standerton in the south, Marabastad in the north and Potchefstroom and Rustenburg in the west. Boers begun to besiege Marabastad fort on 29 December The three main engagements of the war were all within about sixteen miles of each other, centred on the Battles of Laing's Nek 28 January , Ingogo River 8 February and the rout at Majuba Hill 27 February These battles were the result of Colley's attempts to relieve the besieged forts.
Although he had requested reinforcements, these would not reach him until mid-February. Colley was, however, convinced that the garrisons would not survive until then.
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Consequently, at Newcastle , near the Transvaal border, he mustered a relief column the Natal Field Force of available men, although this amounted to only 1, troops. Colley's force was further weakened in that few were mounted, a serious disadvantage in the terrain and for that type of warfare. Most Boers were mounted and good riders. Nonetheless, Colley's force set out on 24 January northward for Laing's Nek en route to relieve Wakkerstroom and Standerton, the nearest forts.
In a display of diplomacy before the beginning of the Battle, British commander Sir George Colley sent a message on 23 January to the Commandant-General of the Boers, Piet Joubert , calling on him to disband his forces or face the full might of Imperial Britain. He wrote "The men who follow you are, many of them ignorant, and know and understood a little of anything outside their own country. But you, who are well educated and have travelled, cannot but be aware how hopeless is the struggle you have embarked upon, and how little any accidental success gained can affect the ultimate result".
Without waiting for a reply, Colley led his Natal Field Force — consisting of 1, men, an strong Naval brigade, artillery and Gatling guns — to a strategic pass in the hills on the Natal-Transvaal border called Laing's Nek. The British were repelled with heavy losses by the Boers under the command of Piet Joubert. Of the British troops who made the charges, never returned. Furthermore, sharpshooting Boers had killed or wounded many senior officers. At the battle of Schuinshoogte also known as battle of the carrots on 8 February , another British force barely escaped destruction. General Colley had sought refuge with the Natal Field Force at Mount Prospect , three miles to the south, to await reinforcements.
However, Colley was soon back in action. On 7 February, a mail escort on its way to Newcastle had been attacked by the Boers and forced back to Mount Prospect. The next day Colley, determined to keep his supplies and communication route open, escorted the mail wagon personally and this time with a larger escort.
The Boers attacked the convoy at the Ingogo River crossing, but with a stronger force of some men.
The firepower was not matched but the fight continued for several hours, but the Boer marksmen dominated the action until darkness, when a storm permitted Colley and the remainder of his troops to retreat back to Mount Prospect. In this engagement the British lost officers and troops, half the original force that had set out to escort the mail convoy. Colley had been forced to leave behind many of the wounded to die of exposure. In the space of ten days he had lost one quarter of his field force, either dead or wounded. On February 12, Colley received reinforcements consisting of the 92nd Gordon's Highlanders , and the 15th The King's Hussar's , with the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons , the 83rd Country of Dublin Regiment under the command of sir Evelyn Wood , on the way.
On 14 February hostilities were suspended, awaiting the outcome of peace negotiations initiated by an offer from Paul Kruger.
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During this time Colley's promised reinforcements arrived, with more to follow. The British government in the meantime had offered a Royal Commission investigation and possible troop withdrawal, and their attitude toward the Boers was conciliatory. Colley was critical of this stance and, while waiting for Kruger's final agreement, decided to attack again with a view to enabling the British government to negotiate from a position of strength.
This resulted in the disaster of the Battle of Majuba Hill on 27 February , the greatest defeat for the British. On 26 February , Colley led a night march of some men from the 92nd Highlanders, the 58th Regiment, and the Naval Brigade. They reached the top of Majuba Hill, which overlooked the main Boer position. At first light, a group Highlanders advertised their presence by standing on the skyline, shaking their fists and yelling at the Boers below.
The Boers saw the British occupying the summit and stormed the mountain using dead ground. Shooting accurately and using all available natural cover, the Boers advanced toward the British position.
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Several Boer groups stormed the hill and drove the British off. As panic took hold, terrified soldiers sprinted for the rear, then fled down the hillside. The British suffered heavy losses, with 92 killed, injured and 50 men were taken prisoner. Major-General Colley was among the dead; he was fatally shot in the head when trying to rally his men. Of the Boers, one was killed and six were wounded, one fatally. For the British the shame of Majuba was even more intense than that of Isandlwana. Elite units like the 92nd Highlanders had cut and run in the face of Boer irregulars.
Nearly a hundred men had died, had been wounded and 56 had surrendered to an irregular guerrilla force. Hostilities continued until 6 March , when a truce was declared, ironically on the same terms that Colley had disparaged. The Transvaal forts had endured, contrary to Colley's forecast, with the sieges being generally uneventful, the Boers content to wait for hunger and sickness to take their toll. Pretoria is the capital of South Africa. It has the second-largest number of embassies in the world after Washington DC. Many embassies thus call this city their home. The Union Buildings house the administrative hub of the country and have also been the setting for the presidential inaugurations of Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki and the incumbent South African president, Jacob Zuma.
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