- Lost world revealed by human, Neanderthal relics washed up on North Sea beaches | Science | AAAS
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- Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
Neanderthals died out about 45, years ago—about when anatomically modern humans entered Europe. More conclusive tools have turned up in the United Kingdom and Belgium, on each side of Doggerland. About 20, years ago, a severe cold spell made the entire region too cold to be habitable. But the end of the last ice age, about 15, years ago, brought a brief idyll: Pollen samples, DNA evidence, and fossilized wood fragments recovered from the sea floor suggest a fertile landscape of forests and rivers, with plentiful birds, fish, and mammals.
Human remains and finely worked stone, bone, and antler tools suggest modern humans made the most of the area, occupying it even as rising waves transformed large parts into a coastal wetland. Studies of ancient and modern DNA indicate that certain groups of hunter-gatherers entered northern Europe from the south and east perhaps about 14, years ago, after much of the ice had melted; modern European populations still carry their genetic legacy.
Lost world revealed by human, Neanderthal relics washed up on North Sea beaches | Science | AAAS
The trove of human bones that amateurs turned over to Altena for sampling promises to add to the picture. Of the bones amassed in June , 90 were well-preserved enough for radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis. Altena and researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History SHH in Jena, Germany, identified teeth and bones between and 10, years old, when modern human hunter-gatherers occupied Doggerland.
They have started to extract DNA, and so far have recovered it from more than five individuals. He notes that the DNA could illuminate how these early populations mixed with others in Europe. A long-term goal is to learn enough about the past landscape so researchers can go to sea and look for sites instead of waiting for evidence to wash ashore.
More than 10 years ago, Gaffney set out to do the next-best thing, persuading oil, gas, and wind power companies to pass on data gathered in seismic surveys done to plan offshore oil and gas wells. Maps in hand, the researchers looked for ancient areas suited to human habitation. More than a decade of work paid off last year when Gaffney and Belgian researchers headed to the Brown Banks, about 50 kilometers off the U.
Mapping had suggested that between and 13, years ago, the spot was an elevated area 30 kilometers long, overlooking a river. Among the finds were traces of a fossilized forest 32 meters beneath the waves, including tree roots, terrestrial snail shells, and peat—plus a small flint flake and part of a broken flint hammerstone shaped by hunter-gatherers. About years ago, a massive freshwater lake in North America called Lake Agassiz, formed by melting glaciers, drained suddenly into the sea.
What had been gradual sea-level rise accelerated, and seas rose a few meters within decades. Doggerland transformed from a temperate, forested plain into an estuarial wetland dotted by drier highlands. To explore the impact on people, Amkreutz analyzed dozens of human bones dragged up by fishing boats as well as finds plucked off the Zandmotor and other Dutch beaches. He traced the bones to 18 offshore sites around the prehistoric Rhine River estuary and dated them with radiocarbon to a precision of about years; all were about years old.
He and Niekus then used chemical signatures from collagen preserved in dozens of the bones to analyze what people in Mesolithic Doggerland were eating before and during that transition.
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As the landscape changed, the diet of its residents did, too, shifting from land animals to freshwater fish. Eventually, that, too, came to an end. On the basis of sediments and computer models, researchers think a tsunami originating off modern-day Norway around B. Soon the landscape vanished as global sea levels continued to rise. The trove of human bones that amateurs turned over to Altena for sampling promises to add to the picture. Of the bones amassed in June , 90 were well-preserved enough for radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis.
Altena and researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History SHH in Jena, Germany, identified teeth and bones between and 10, years old, when modern human hunter-gatherers occupied Doggerland. They have started to extract DNA, and so far have recovered it from more than five individuals. He notes that the DNA could illuminate how these early populations mixed with others in Europe.
A long-term goal is to learn enough about the past landscape so researchers can go to sea and look for sites instead of waiting for evidence to wash ashore.
More than 10 years ago, Gaffney set out to do the next-best thing, persuading oil, gas, and wind power companies to pass on data gathered in seismic surveys done to plan offshore oil and gas wells. Maps in hand, the researchers looked for ancient areas suited to human habitation.
More than a decade of work paid off last year when Gaffney and Belgian researchers headed to the Brown Banks, about 50 kilometers off the U. Mapping had suggested that between and 13, years ago, the spot was an elevated area 30 kilometers long, overlooking a river. Among the finds were traces of a fossilized forest 32 meters beneath the waves, including tree roots, terrestrial snail shells, and peat—plus a small flint flake and part of a broken flint hammerstone shaped by hunter-gatherers.
About years ago, a massive freshwater lake in North America called Lake Agassiz, formed by melting glaciers, drained suddenly into the sea. What had been gradual sea-level rise accelerated, and seas rose a few meters within decades. Doggerland transformed from a temperate, forested plain into an estuarial wetland dotted by drier highlands. To explore the impact on people, Amkreutz analyzed dozens of human bones dragged up by fishing boats as well as finds plucked off the Zandmotor and other Dutch beaches.
He traced the bones to 18 offshore sites around the prehistoric Rhine River estuary and dated them with radiocarbon to a precision of about years; all were about years old.
He and Niekus then used chemical signatures from collagen preserved in dozens of the bones to analyze what people in Mesolithic Doggerland were eating before and during that transition. As the landscape changed, the diet of its residents did, too, shifting from land animals to freshwater fish. Eventually, that, too, came to an end.
On the basis of sediments and computer models, researchers think a tsunami originating off modern-day Norway around B. Soon the landscape vanished as global sea levels continued to rise. This 13,year-old skull fragment of a modern human was fished up off Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The team scoops up and analyzes all the DNA in a sample, using next-generation sequencing methods that capture millions of DNA fragments, and compares it with libraries of known genomes.
Allaby has picked out terrestrial species, including bears, boars, birds, spiders, and mosquitoes. He has identified plant species, too, including hazel and linden trees and meadow grasses. Higher up, in the younger core samples, the DNA tells a tale of inexorable transformation. Researchers say the techniques being pioneered or perfected in the North Sea could be applied to far-flung hot spots of human migration, including Beringia and the waters that surround the archipelagos of Oceania.
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Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
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