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Selected filters. Leo Z wrote a review Mar Schoemanskloof, South Africa 6 contributions 1 helpful vote. What a shame.
But the cubs live in bad circumstances a concrete stable and avoid any contact even with there caretaker. They are traumatised because they are taken away from their mother. It made us very sad, also seeing the adult lions walking up and downs in there cages. This is just bad and sad zoo. Medium-late season varieties planted in November in most of the eastern, southeast, and some central parts have high chances of not reaching full maturity due to frost incidences during the months of April and May. The chances of the maize crop being affected by soil water shortages are also high [ 23 ].
Thus medium-late season varieties are highly vulnerable to climate risks like frost and water deficiency in some parts of the Free State Province especially when planted in November onwards. Growing period for short, medium, and medium-late season maize varieties shows a good agreement with altitude over the Free State Province of South Africa. The growing period for all the planting dekads and varieties mostly showed a northeast to southwest gradient with relatively short periods over the southwestern parts of the province an area extending from the border of Lejweleputswa and Xhariep district to the southwest of Koffiefontein and increasing gradually to peak over the northeastern parts of the province highlands over the Thabo Mofutsanyane district.
These areas are attributed to low heat accumulation and other areas of relatively low heat energy are eastern Motheo and eastern Fezile Dabi districts [ 22 ]. The durations of the growing period days that are needed to fulfil the heat units requirement for the short, medium, and medium-late season varieties show a great spatial variation over the province.
Short season growing periods were very short where periods of less than days were recorded for most planting dekads. A medium season maize crop at these places can grow for less than days but the period can be up to days.
A medium-late maize crop can grow for periods mostly between and days for most planting dekads. Planting a medium-late variety at these areas has an increased risk of crop failure growing period expanding to periods after April during the planting dekads in January onwards.
Most of the western parts of the Free State have growing periods for short maize varieties between and days for most planting dekads. After the 2nd dekad of December growing periods can extend to days in these areas and in January onwards the period can extend to over days, making some places more vulnerable to climate risks.
The medium maize varieties over these places are expected to have a median growing period of between and days extending to days in December onwards. After the 3rd dekad of December onwards growing periods can exceed days for some places and the risk of crop failure for planting medium season maize increases tremendously, thus planting in this period is not recommended.
The medium-late maize variety has a greater range of growing period in western, southern, central, and northwestern Free State ranging from to days. The growing period increases up to days after the 3rd dekad of November especially over eastern Lejweleputswa. Great risk to production due to extended periods is experienced when planting a medium-late variety after the 1st dekad of December in most parts of the Free State. Planting in these periods coincides the grain-filling stages of maize with autumn season that is mostly characterized by high frost risk and high soil water deficits.
The northern and central parts of the province achieve their short maize variety heat unit requirements mostly between and days. The period can extend to days in December onwards and from the 2nd dekad of December the growth of a short season maize variety is not advisable in these regions as it will have poor yield due to extended growing periods.
The period required to fulfil the medium season maize variety ranges from to days and from the 1st dekad of December most parts of these regions experience extended growing periods subjecting the crop to high climate risks. The number of days to fulfil the heat unit requirements for the medium-late maize crop over these regions is mostly between and days. The period can extend to days and above from the 3rd dekad of November onwards making it a high risk zone for planting a medium-late maize season over those regions.
Most parts of the eastern and northeastern Free State record a growing period of between and days for short season maize cultivars. The period can extend up to days and above from the 2nd dekad of November onwards with increased risk of crop failure on and after the 1st dekad of December planting. The growing period for the medium season maize cultivar is between and days extending to days after the 1st dekad of November. Planting of this variety after the 2nd dekad of November will result in crop failure caused mostly by high frost incidences.
The medium-late maize takes up to days in this region extending to over days in the 2nd dekad of November.
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After the 1st dekad of November planting medium-late maize variety will cause the crop not to reach full maturity. The planting window for maize production is smaller in the eastern and northeastern Free State due to extended growing periods caused by relatively low temperatures, thus planting of short to medium season varieties is recommended. For these areas, medium-late to late season varieties would most likely not attain full maturity before the onset of the frost season and hence negatively affect the maize productivity.
Agricultural advisors and farmers are advised to take careful note of the thermal requirements of maize varieties before they are planted due to large variability in growing periods. Timing of sowing date is therefore crucial for optimal plant growth and development in areas that are prone to agroclimatological hazards.
The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Thomas Fyfield is thanked for editing the paper. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy.
Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Journal overview. Special Issues. Received 16 Dec Accepted 23 Feb Published 19 Mar Abstract Temperature is one of the important environmental parameters that determines the development of a crop from one stage to another.
Introduction Weather and environmental conditions during the growing period of the crop have a direct bearing on plant growth and development and hence ultimately affect the crop yield [ 1 ]. Data and Methods 2. Figure 1. Spatial distribution of climate stations used in maize heat units assessment over the Free State Province of South Africa. Planting dekad Variety Regression equation October 1st dekad S 0.
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Table 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Length of growing period in days for a short season maize variety for the Gariep Dam, Bloemfontein, Bothaville, Bethlehem, and Frankfort stations from the 1st dekad of September to 3rd dekad of January. Figure 4. Figure 5. Length of growing period in days for a medium season maize variety for the Gariep Dam, Bloemfontein, Bothaville, Bethlehem, and Frankfort stations from the 1st dekad of September to 3rd dekad of January.
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Figure 7. Length of growing period in days for a medium-late season maize variety for the Gariep Dam, Bloemfontein, Bothaville, Bethlehem, and Frankfort stations from the 1st dekad of September to 3rd dekad of January.