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About half of wolves in Yellowstone are dark black in color, with the other half mostly gray coats.
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The presence of black coats was due to a single gene a beta defensin gene termed CBD or the K-locus , with all black coated individuals carrying a mutation linked to this coat color - a mutation believed to have originated in domestic dogs of the Old World. The origin of the K-locus in wolves likely came from hybridization between dogs and wolves in northwest North America within the last 7, years as early humans brought domestic dogs across the Bering Land Bridge. In Yellowstone, this discovery set the stage for studies that explored the link between coat color, reproduction, survival, and behavior.
It was found that the K-locus gene is involved in immune function in addition to causing black coat color, suggesting an additional role in pathogen defense.
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For example, black wolves have greater survivorship during distemper outbreaks. Another study found gray wolves to be more aggressive than black colored wolves during territorial conflict, as well as have higher reproductive success. During breeding season, there is also greater mate choice between opposite color male and female pairs compared to same colored pairs. Together, these data suggest fitness trade-offs between gray and black coat color, evidence for the maintenance of the black coat color in the population. That ratio reversed from to , indicating changes in prey vulnerability and availability.
Although elk is still the primary prey, bison has become an increasingly important food source for wolves. While there is some predation on bison of all age classes, the majority of the consumption comes from scavenging winter-killed prey or bison dying from injuries sustained during breeding season.
The discovery of these changes emphasizes the importance of long-term monitoring to understand predator-prey dynamics. Changes in wolf predation patterns and impacts on prey species like elk are inextricably linked to other factors, such as other predators, management of ungulates outside the park, and weather e. Weather patterns influence forage quality and availability, ultimately impacting elk nutritional condition. Consequently, changes in prey selection and kill rates through time result from complex interactions among these factors.
Current National Park Service NPS research focusses on the relative factors driving wolf predation over the past 25 years. Occupying just 10 percent of the park, it is winter range for the biggest elk herd in Yellowstone and is arguably the most carnivore-rich area in North America. Early management of predators caused dynamic changes to the ecosystem.
The reappearance of carnivores on the landscape has had significant and sometimes unexpected impacts on the resident grazers and their habitat. In the first years following wolf restoration, the population grew rapidly as the newly formed packs spread out to establish territories with sufficient prey. The wolves have expanded their population and range, and now are found throughout the GYE. Disease periodically kills a number of pups and old adults. Outbreaks of canine distemper occurred in , , and In , distemper killed twothirds of the pups within the park.
Infectious canine hepatitis, canine parvovirus, and bordetella have also have been confirmed among Yellowstone wolves, but their effects on mortality are unknown. Sarcoptic mange, an infection caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei , reached epidemic proportions among northern range wolves in By the end of , the epidemic had mostly subsided; however, the infection is still present at lower prevalences throughout the park. Wolf packs are highly territorial and communicate with neighboring packs by scent-marking and howling.
Occasionally packs encounter each other, and these interactions are typically aggressive. Larger packs often defeat smaller groups, unless the small group has more old adult or adult male members. Sixty-five percent of collared wolves are ultimately killed by rival packs. Most of the decrease has been in packs on the northern range, where it has been attributed primarily to the decline in the elk population and available territory.
Canine distemper and sarcoptic mange have also been factors in the population decline. Each year, park researchers capture a small proportion of wolves and fit them with radio tracking and GPS collars. These collars enable researchers to gather data on an individual, and also monitor the population as a whole to see how wolves are affecting other animals and plants within the park. The gray wolf was removed from the endangered species list in in Idaho and Montana. They were delisted in Wyoming in , and that decision was held up on appeal in April Wolves are hunted in Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana under state hunting regulations.
Wonders abound in Yellowstone, though many come with an unfamiliar danger. Learn how to adventure through Yellowstone safely. Wolves are not normally a danger to humans, unless humans habituate them by providing them with food.
No wolf has attacked a human in Yellowstone, but a few attacks have occurred in other places. Like coyotes, wolves can quickly learn to associate campgrounds, picnic areas, and roads with food.
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This can lead to aggressive behavior toward humans. To date, eight wolves in Yellowstone National Park have become habituated to humans. Biologists successfully conducted aversive conditioning on some of them to discourage being close to humans, but two had to be killed. Wolves are managed by the appropriate state, tribal, or federal agencies. Management authority depends on current status and location of subpopulations. Within Yellowstone National Park, no hunting of wolves is allowed.
Outside the park, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming regulate and manage hunting.
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Because wolves do not recognize political boundaries and often move between different jurisdictions, some wolves that live within the park for most of the year, but at times move outside the park, are taken in the hunts. For current information about management of wolves around Yellowstone visit US Fish and Wildlife Service's web page on the gray wolf. Source: Data Store Collection To search for additional information, visit the Data Store.
Learn more about this journey.
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Watch the park's wolf biologist answer some questions about wolves in Yellowstone. Since , the Yellowstone Wolf Project has produced annual reports. Check out the Yellowstone Science periodical devoted entirely to wolves. Following a usually dry July in many parts of the province, an intense low pressure system swept through B.
During this period, as many as one hundred new fires were starting every day. Thanks to the hard work and quick response of our crews, most of these fires were contained quickly. By the Labour Day long weekend, the arrival of cool and wet weather in most areas lowered the fire danger rating and put a stop to significant wildfire activity. Given the relatively low level of activity in B. The fire season saw activity that was 20 to 25 percent below average, both in the total number of fires across the province and the amount of hectares burned.
Cooler temperatures and precipitation in the spring through to early July delayed significant fire activity until later in the summer. With a continuing trend of minimal precipitation from August onward, the Fire Danger Rating remained elevated across the province and remained heightened well in to the fall. New fires were being discovered almost daily well in to October. The BC Wildfire Service also brought in out-of-province crews to assist during periods of heightened activity.
A total of 79 personnel came from Saskatchewan, Ontario and Yukon to assist in our wildfire suppression efforts. The fire season will go down in history as one of the slowest on record. Cool and wet conditions in the spring and early summer months resulted in minimal fire activity.
Record breaking temperatures in late August and early September dried out the province and increased the danger ratings. But the number of fire starts remained low because there was very little lightning activity. In previous fire seasons B. By the first week of September, fire danger ratings in most areas of the province were high to extreme, and these conditions persisted through until the end of the month.
The most notable fire during this time only reached eight hectares in size and was mopped up within a couple days. The number of fires this season was three times below average, while the total area burned was 10 times less than average. Furthermore, 91 per cent of the total hectares burned this year in B.
There were only a handful of notable fires during this fire season. The fire season was somewhat unusual. Due to a dry winter and early spring, it seemed forest conditions were ripe for another devastating season.
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But then the spring rain started and did not stop until the province was soaked. Hot sunshine in July dried forest fuels quickly, but minimal lightning activity kept fire starts down. It was a good opportunity for B. But on July 28, everything changed.