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Development corridors and nodes have been identified to grow new economically productive spaces, increasing the diversity of economic activities and, with the approval of proposed mega-human settlements, new cities in peripheral areas of the province are even envisioned Makhura, These reports will assist in understanding how the policies of provincial, metro and municipal governments will affect and be affected by the.
The Economy of Gauteng. Available at www. Statistics South Africa: Pretoria.
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Executive summary Gauteng is the richest, most productive, most populous and densely-populated province in the country. This report examines uneven development in Gauteng and the Gauteng City-Region GCR , focusing on the socio-economic and demographic dynamics of core and peripheral areas. Peripheries are imagined in various ways. Theories of uneven development and marginalisation which focus on the processes of capital accumulation in shaping core and peripheral areas, underpin the discussion.
These highlight how peripheral economies and areas produce raw materials, particularly minerals, agricultural products and labour, for the core.
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Meanwhile core economies, home to secondary and tertiary sectors, refine and manufacture products produced in the periphery. This report demonstrates that significant efforts have been made by the state to reduce inequalities between core and peripheral areas in the province, particularly in the areas of education, housing and service provision. However these efforts appear to be more visible in the peripheral areas located in Johannesburg and Pretoria rather than the greater. Tshwane area. Furthermore, at times peripheral areas may be marginalised by the state, and core—periphery relationships may even be reinforced when the state focuses on promoting development and services in core areas, for instance in the location of new government housing.
Some spaces are peripheral in some ways and not in other ways.
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Peripheral areas can be economically, socially, demographically, politically and culturally marginal. This report uses economic and population density criteria to delineate core and peripheral areas in Gauteng. Peripherality and its spatial expression are explored using demographic, migration, income and employment, housing, services, connectivity and household goods criteria.
Some spaces were found to be peripheral in one area, but core in another. Expressions of core and periphery in Gauteng are complicated by the history of apartheid and social and spatial engineering. Also sitting behind the discussion is migration.
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Gauteng is the focus of internal and international migration in South Africa. Between and , the population of Gauteng increased by 64 per cent. Over half 52 per cent of this increase was a result of in-migration. The rapidly growing population presents challenges to government when trying to reduce inequalities. Space itself may be primordially given, but the organization, use, and meaning of space is a product of social translation, transformation and experience. Populations in the core and peripheral areas of a country should have similar age and household structures.
However, demographically peripheral areas are characterised by populations with relatively high proportions of elderly people and children, large households, and female headed households. The demographics of Gauteng at times challenge accepted wisdom around the population profiles of core and peripheral areas, particularly in terms of population density and proportions of female headed households. The legacy of apartheid complicates the picture as apartheid spatial planning and inequalities persist in the spatial demographics of the province.
However, overall, the demographic index constructed shows that peripheral areas are more likely to be home to vulnerable households and populations. In , 36 per cent of the population was internal migrants from other provinces and 10 per cent international migrants. Residents of the province are highly mobile.
Peripheral areas are associated with being sources of cheap labour for production, and having high rates of migration and mobility. Migrants are likely to be found in peripheral areas within or surrounding the core as low-paid labour for production in the core. Overall, peripheral areas in Gauteng show high rates of in-migration and act as sources of labour for the core.
However old township and rural areas which are peripheral in other ways are less likely to have mobile residents and to house migrants. Peripheral areas are more likely to have low levels of education, an uneven distribution of schools, weak schools, pupils who have to travel long distances to school, poor attendance at school and little access to institutions of higher education. Low-performing secondary schools are most likely to be found in. Learners in the periphery are more likely to have to travel long distances to school. Although the population of the core is more educated, government has made great strides in improving access to education across the province and peripheral areas since Between and the proportion of the population of the periphery with no schooling fell from 17 per cent to 5 per cent, and the proportion who had matriculated rose from 13 per cent in to 24 per cent in Peripheral areas have higher rates of low income and insecure employment as well as unemployment, than core areas.
Although peripheral areas of the province are disadvantaged in terms of income and employment, the data shows significant congruity in many core and peripheral areas in the province regarding employment and income. This may be for three reasons. First, areas which are home to black Africans and with high rates of unemployment are located in peripheral areas within the core as well as within the wider periphery.
Second, people may be employed in core areas but live in peripheral areas. Thus, although the province is the core of the country, and it contains a clearly economically defined core, the cheap labour force needed for capital accumulation is located in peripheral areas both within and on the doorstep of the core. Third, perhaps reflecting low incomes in the province, mining areas of the West Rand, which are peripheral in many other ways, are not peripheral in regard to income and employment.
Indicating that the processes underpinning uneven development have not been challenged, there has been little change in rates of employment, sectors of employment or income profiles of core and peripheral areas since Housing and the services people receive are indicators of socio-economic disadvantage, marginality and.
In the South African context, the situation is complicated by the spatial and housing legacy of apartheid, which led to areas with poor dwellings and informal settlements in the core of the province. At the same time, post-apartheid attempts to redress and tackle housing shortages have led to the development of new low-cost government housing that is largely on the periphery of the GCR and at some distance from economic centres where employment opportunities are most likely to be found. This is problematic as residents remain relatively spatially isolated from opportunities in the core.
Households in the periphery are more likely to live in informal housing 28 per cent than those in the core 15 per cent. They are more likely to live in one or two rooms. Despite in-migration, government has made significant progress in diminishing housing inequality between core and peripheral areas. Access to services, including water, energy, sanitation, and refuse removal, is related to the kind of housing people live in, the infrastructure and services provided by parastatals, metros, municipalities and provincial government, as well as their affordability.
The provision of infrastructure and services, or the lack thereof, is a measure of peripherality. Even though access to all services has improved across the province since , access is still much poorer in peripheral than in core areas. While most of the core has adequate services, large swathes of the periphery are still underserviced.
A lack of access to government is another indicator of peripherality. Residents of the periphery of the province are not disadvantaged in this regard and they are more likely to participate in community meetings. There was relatively little difference in the attitudes of residents in the core and periphery to politics and democracy. People living in peripheral areas are least likely to have amenities including supermarkets, bakeries and banks within metres of their home. They were less likely to feel safe at home or walking in their area during the day or at night than residents of the core.
The lack of ownership of household goods is also an indicator of poverty and inequality. Households in peripheral areas are less likely to own radios, televisions, stoves, fridges or cars. Likewise, levels of social cohesion as evidenced in racial attitudes, homophobia and xenophobia are roughly similar, regardless of where people live.